Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A closed system !
Closed system: exchange of energy but negligible exchange of mass with surroundings
Why can Earth sustain life ? Not too close or far from Sun, thus preventing life from freezing or frying
Geosphere Geosphere: The solid, inorganic Earth, including Earths surface and layers of its interior.
The Earth is composed of nested shells that are classified according to their chemical and mechanical characteristics.
mantle
solid
liquid
solid
Note: Lithosphere contains both crust and uppermost (brittle) layer of mantle
Some important roles of the geosphere: 1. Contributor of particulate matter (e.g. volcanic ash) to atmosphere. 2. Ultimate contributor of salts to the ocean (due to ions being released from weathered rock). 3. Ultimate source of nutrients for all living things. 4. Important contributor of atmospheric gases (from volcanoes) 5. Movement of plates produces barriers that aid in the isolation of population of organisms (and therefore influences evolution).
Earthquakes
Volcanoes
Plate Boundaries
Hydrosphere Hydrosphere:The hydrosphere is composed of all of the water in the Earth system, including water in the oceans, rivers, lakes, air, and below Earths surface. 97 percent of the earth's water is in the oceans.
The remaining 3 percent is fresh water (mostly in ice sheets, but also in the air as vapour, and below Earths surface as groundwater).
Surface temperatures of oceans (blue= coldest red= warmest)
1. Moderates climate
2. Transfers heat
Atmosphere
Atmosphere: The atmosphere is the body of gases that surrounds our planet. Most of our atmosphere is located close to the earth's surface where it is most dense. The air of our planet is 79% nitrogen and just under 21% oxygen; the small amount remaining is composed of carbon dioxide and other gases. Also has a layered structure (but we wont get into this right now)
Some important roles of the atmosphere: 1. Contains the gases that living things need for survival (e.g., carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, and oxygen for aerobic respiration). 2. Transfers heat. 3. Ozone in stratosphere protects living things from excess ultraviolet radiation. 4. Plays a part in weathering and erosion.
Biosphere Biosphere: The sphere that includes all living organisms. Plants, animals, and microbes are all part of the biosphere. It also includes organic matter not yet decomposed. Most of Earths life is found from about 3 metres below the ground to 30 meters above it and in the top 200 metres of the oceans and seas.
Butlife can thrive in the most unlikely places, from hot springs to ice caps.
Some important roles of the biosphere: 1. Aids in weathering (e.g. formation of acids in soil). 2. An important sink for certain elements (especially carbon). 3. Mediates the formation of some minerals. 4. Photosynthesis maintains the oxygen content of the atmosphere.
The presence of humans and the extent of human influence can be appreciated by looking at satellite photos.
Even at night, evidence of human activity can be seen.
White dots: major centres of human population Yellow patches: fires from slash-and-burn farming Red patches: natural gas burning in major oil fields
Interconnectedness of Spheres To appreciate how strongly interconnected the Earths spheres really are, we need only to think about what happens to substances within the system. For example, the carbon cycle.
Note that at any given point in time, carbon occurs in all of the great spheres.
As it spins on its tilted axis, it different areas of Earth are exposed to different amounts/intensities of the Suns energy.
Example 2
Example 3
or this one ?
Relevance to Geosphere 1. Heat from the fire causes rocks to crack (therefore enhancing weathering).
3. Ash particles from the fire alter the chemistry of the soil.
Relevance to Atmosphere 1. Smoke and ash particles are carried by wind to other areas.
2. Increased precipitation elsewhere is enhanced due to the ash particles acting as nucleation centres for water droplets.
3. Gaseous pollutants such as carbon dioxide (CO2) are produced during the burning of the vegetation and carried into the air by the wind.
Relevance to Hydrosphere
Heat from the fire further removes moisture from the air, soil, and vegetation through the process of evaporation. Increased siltation of streams due to enhanced erosion (particles are then deposited as sediment).
2. Smoke in the air may have coats the lungs of animals, including people, and affects their ability to breathe. 3. Ash particles in water clogs the gills of fish and other aquatic organisms.
Relevance to Biosphere
4. On the positive side, nutrients released from ash from the fire can, on the long term, benefit future plant communities.
5. Also, seeds of some plants may require that their outer shells be burned before they can germinate (so the forest fire benefits these plants).
Global Effects These types of interactions not only apply to local scenarios, but also influence changes on global scale. Examples of events that may have something to do with interactions between components of the Earth system: 1. 2. 3. 4. Initiation of ice ages Mass extinctions Global climate change El Nino events.
Lovelock claims that life, or the biosphere, regulates or maintains the climate and the atmospheric composition at an optimum for itself"
Is Earth Alive ? The Gaia concept views Earth as a superorganism. Inherent in this explanation is the idea that biosphere, the atmosphere, the lithosphere and the hydrosphere are in some kind of balance - that they maintain a homeostatic condition.
This also implies that Earth is somehow aware of the adjustments needed in its system to maintain a state of balance that Earth is a living, breathing, and thinking, entity.
Gaia Hypothesis Put another way, we might view Earths processes as being analogous to how physiological processes within the human body ensure that temperature, blood pH, electrochemistry, etc. are kept in balance for our survival. Few scientists accept the concept of Earth as a sentient entity. However, this idea has greatly influenced the way scientists think about how Earth behaves, in that it emphasized that every change that occurs in one part of the Earth system has the potential to affect all others.
After all, how can we expect to fix something if we dont know how it works ?
END OF LECTURE