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NOZZLE
NOZZLE
the expense of pressure.
INTRODUCTION.
DIFFUSER
by slowing it down.
INTRODUCTION.
SKETCH
But, in practice, there was nearly none of gases rigidly follow this rule. So, an imaginary situation ideal situation that obey this rule was found and it called as,
And the equation become An another perfect gas law derivation as follow,
Specific Heat Cp = specific heat capacity at constant pressure (kJ/kgK) Cv = specific heat capacity at constant volume (kJ/kgK) The sum of heat energy must be supplied to raise 1 K temperature at constant pressure/volume.
Note that since Cp - Cv= R, from equation, it is clear that Cp must be greater than Cv for any perfect gas.
nozzle facing adiabatic process. Thus, the universal gas law becomes
the velocity of sound. The flow-up to the throat is subsonic while the flow after the throat is supersonic. It should be noted that a sonic or supersonic flow requires a diverging duct to accelerate it.
will attain sonic velocity at the exit if the pressure drop across the nozzle is large enough.
To find sonic velocity at the throat,
Enthalpy
The heat content of a chemical system is called the enthalpy (symbol: H)
Where
Q heat received or rejected W external work done gZ potential energy u internal energy PV - flow or displacement energy C2/2 kinetic energy
Enthalpy
Apply u = h +PV, the equation become, For most nozzle problem, Q = 0 there was no heat produce by the nozzle W = 0 there was no moving part inside a nozzle gZ = 0 if there was no high different between inlet and outlet. So, the equation become
continue.
Nozzle Velocity
Assuming point 1 is inlet and point 2 is outlet. Velocity at
point 1 is negligible because it to small rather than velocity at point 2, and the previous steady flow equation become
Mach Number
In case of venturi meter (convergent-divergent nozzle),
Mach number is a ratio between local velocity and sonic velocity (at throat)
Critical Point
The throat of venturi meter is critical point. Besides the
EXAMPLE 1
A fluid at 6.9 bar and 93C enters a convergent nozzle
with negligible velocity, and expands isentropically into a space at 3.6 bar. Calculate the outlet temperature and mass flow per m2 of exit area. (a) when the fluids is helium (Cp=5.23 kJ/kgK) (b) when the fluid is ethane (Cp=1.66 kJ/kgK) Assume that both helium and ethane are perfect gases, and the respective molecular weights as 4 and 30.