GROUP OM

CHAPTER 3 DKA5C

NUR HANANI BT ABD HALIM

04DKA11F1038

SITI AISYAH SUFIYYAH BT MOHAMAD ANUAR

04DKA11F1993

NUR AINA ALIA BT ANNUAR GOH

04DKA11F1078

Contaminant can enter soil through:

Dissolve in liquid phase in soil Absorb inorganic matter in soil From mineral structure residue

Water solubility
Maximum amount of a contaminant that can be dissolved in the water at a specified temperature.

Polarity of the compound

Plays a major role in mobility of the compound. Polar substances and therefore absorb to soil particles less.

Kow (Octanol water partition coefficient)

A measure of the hydrophobicity of an organic compound.

Chemical fate is the eventual short-term or long-term disposition of chemicals, usually to another chemical or storage. Examples of short-terms and long-term fates
Chemical
PCB PCB CO Benzene Ammonia

Media
Soil and water Atmosphere Water Water Soil and water

Short-term fate
Absorbed to soil Absorbed to aerosols Reactions to carbonate and bicarbonate Absorbed to suspended particles Reaction to ammonium

Long-term fate
Biomediated degradation Photocatalyzed degradation Photosynthesis to oxygen and biomass Boiremediated degradation Boiremediated degradation

PCB, polychlorinated biphenyl.

Soil, the fragile and fertile interface between the atmosphere and the subterranean realm, is characterized by massive transfer of mass and energy.

Energy and mas fluxes through this porous medium of the soil are not significant for the healthy functioning of soil as the clean and productive base for agriculture, but also they are critical for the role that the soil plays in protecting the environment of both underground surface reserves of water.

A transport process, as used herein, is one that moves chemicals and other properties of the fluid through the environment. Diffusion of chemicals Molecular Diffusion Convection or advection Turbulent diffusion Dispersion Interfacial transfer Multiphase transport

Mixing is a rate-related parameter, in that most rates of reaction or transport are dependent on mixing in environmental system. When mixing is dominant, the first order rate equation can be described as:

Rate of process= mixing parameter x different of equilibrium

A important concept for environment transport is resistances. The inverse of a rate parameter is a resistance to chemical transport. Or in equation form :
1/rate parameter = resistance to chemical transport

As specific chemical element and compound may exist in groundwater in any of the following forms:
Free ion surrounded by water molecules Insoluble species Metal ligand complexes Absorbed species Specie held on ion exchange Species that differ by oxidation state.

The mass transfer can be divided into two groups:

Abiotic refers to those that are non biological in nature. Biotic involves mass consumption of the chemicals by microorganism.

Advection - dissolved substances carried along with bulk fluid flow. Hydrodynamic Dispersion Solute spreads out from path expected to be followed by advection alone.
Pore channel velocity: molecules travel at different velocities. Mixing of pore channels, tortuosity, branching. Differences in pore sizes ( different velocities ) Variables conductivity in soil layers. Molecular diffusion

Abiotic process : to those that are nonbiological in nature. The microorganisms involved in the biotic process:
Acid base reaction Hydrolysis of organic chemical Oxidations Complexation Precipitation & dissolution Exsolution & votilization Radioactive decay Sorption

Biotic processes : involve mass consumption of the chemicals by microorganisms, often referred as biodegradation.

The principles discussed in the previous section will enable us to formulate conceptually how NAPLs move into the subsurface. Because of some important effects of density of NAPLs on the transport phenomena, it is convenient to treat the LNAPLs and DNAPLs separately Compound which display extremely low aqueous solubility can exist as a separate liquid phase in groundwater systems, if present in sufficient quantities.

In groundwater system, these contaminants phase are referred to as nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) and their behavior will be fundamentally different from that of the bulk aqueous phase.

Low-solubility organic compounds with density greater than water can exist as a dense NAPL (DNAPL) phase: their characteristics are fundamentally different from those LNAPLs.

Ficks law of diffusion: Advection

J =-D*C/X

J=The mass flux , D=Effective effusion , C/X=concentration gradient

This equation applicable when The soil is saturated Flow is steady Darcys Law is applicable

Radioactive decay & degradation

Q= rate of water flow, K=hydraulic conductivity, A= column cross sectional area, dh/dl=hydraulic gradient

Q =-KA dh/dl

Transport time of groundwater between two wells. Calculation of groundwater velocity: unfractured clayey aquitard. Calculation of groundwater velocty and travel time across an unfractured clay aquitard. DNAPL movement in a groundwater.