Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Agenda
LAN/WAN Introductions Real-World Example Wireless WANs WAN Potential
Network Topology
Token Ring In 1984, IBM introduced the 4 Mbit/s Token Ring network. Instead of the normal plug and socket arrangement of male and female gendered connectors, the IBM data connector (IDC) was a sort of hermaphrodite, designed to mate with itself. Although the IBM Cabling System is to this day regarded as a very high quality and robust data communication media, its large size and cost - coupled with the fact that with only 4 cores it was less versatile than 8-core UTP - saw Token Ring continue fall behind Ethernet in the popularity stakes. It remains IBM's primary LAN technology however and the compatible and almost identical IEEE 802.5 specification continues to shadow IBM's Token Ring development.
FDDI Developed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards committee in the mid-1980s - at a time when high-speed engineering workstations were beginning to tax the bandwidth of existing LANs based on Ethernet and Token Ring - the Fibre Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) specifies a 100 Mbit/s tokenpassing, dual-ring LAN using fibre-optic cable.
Ethernet Ethernet was developed in the mid 1970's by the Xerox Corporation, and in 1979 Digital Equipment Corporation DEC) and Intel joined forces with Xerox to standardise the system. The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) released the official Ethernet standard in 1983 called the IEEE 802.3 after the name of the working group responsible for its development, and in 1985 version 2 (IEEE 802.3a) was released. This second version is commonly known as "Thin Ethernet" or 10Base2, in this case the maximum length is 185m even though the "2" suggest that it should be 200m. Fast Ethernet Fast Ethernet was officially adopted in the summer of 1995, two years after a group of leading network companies had formed the Fast Ethernet Alliance to develop the standard. Operating at ten times the speed of regular 10Base-T Ethernet, Fast Ethernet - also known as 100BaseT - retains the same CSMA/CD protocol and Category 5 cabling support as its predecessor higher bandwidth and introduces new features such as full-duplex operation and autonegotiation.
Client-Server Client-server networking architectures became popular in the late 1980s and early 1990s as many applications were migrated from centralised minicomputers and mainframes to networks of personal computers. The design of applications for a distributed computing environment required that they effectively be divided into two parts: client (front end) and server (back end). The network architecture on which they were implemented mirrored this client-server model, with a user's PC (the client) typically acting as the requesting machine and a more powerful server machine - to which it was connected via either a LAN or a WAN - acting as the supplying machine.
Ethernet LAN
Peer-to-peer In a Peer-to-peer networking architecture each computer (workstation) has equivalent capabilities and responsibilities. There is no server, and computers simply connect with each other in a workgroup to share files, printers, and Internet access. It is practical for workgroups of a dozen or less computers, making it common in many SOHO environments, where each PC acts as an independent workstation that stores data on its own hard drive but which can share it with all other PCs on the network.
P2P computing By early 2000 a revolution was underway in an entirely new form of peer-topeer computing. Sparked by the phenomenal success of a number of highly publicised applications, "P2P computing" - as it is commonly referred to heralded a new computing model for the Internet age and had achieved considerable traction with mainstream computer users and members of the PC industry in a very short space of time. The Napster MP3 music file sharing application went live in September 1999, and attracted more than 20 million users by mid-2000
Gigabit Ethernet The next step in Ethernet's evolution was driven by the Gigabit Ethernet Alliance, formed in 1996. The ratification of associated Gigabit Ethernet standards was completed in the summer of 1999, specifying a physical layer that uses a mixture of proven technologies from the original Ethernet Specification and the ANSI X3T11 Fibre Channel Specification: Use of the same variable-length (64- to 1514-byte packets) IEEE 802.3 frame format found in Ethernet and Fast Ethernet is key to the ease with which existing lower-speed Ethernet devices can be connected to Gigabit Ethernet devices, using LAN switches or routers to adapt one physical line speed to the other.
Network Topology
FDDI- Fibre Distributed Data Interface specifies a 100 Mbit/s tokenpassing, dual-ring LAN using fibre-optic cable.
Self Healing Net Dual Ring
WAN Introductions
WAN Introductions
LAN (local area network) - Network that links computers, printers and other devices located in an office, a building or even a campus
WAN (wide area network) - System that extends for greater distances and is used to connect LANs together.
To delivers reliable, high-speed office-to-office connectivity over traditional copper wires Affordable to most small businesses
Security - Prevent any unauthorized people from accessing communications between sites
Real-World Example
The Past
Frame Relay
Past to 2002 Hub-and-spoke topology
Portland was hub 64 Kbps, 128 Kbps, 256 Kbps to other offices
Issues
Expensive Inflexible Requires routers which needed maintenance No way to manage Difficult to troubleshoot
The Past
Frame Relay
Portland
768K
Local Telco
T1
T1
Internet
768K
T1
25
Local Telco
Local Telco
256 K
6K
38
4K
Local Telco
256K
256K
T1 K 384
Seattle
Los Angeles
Washington D.C.
Issues
Still hub-and-spoke No more flexibility, just higher speeds and lower costs
Seattle
T1
(In te rn e
t)
T1
T1 (Internet) T1 (Leased Line)
Local Telco
T1 (Leased Line)
T1 (
Int e
Portland
rne
t)
Local Telco
Los Angeles
T1
(L
ea
se
Lin
e)
T1
(L
n ter (In
ea se d Lin
et)
Internet
e)
Telco
T1 (In te
rne t)
Local Telco
T1 (Internet)
T1 (Leased Line)
T1 (Leased Line)
Washington D.C.
Benefits
QOS Quality of Service Complete control end-to-end No IP routing so pre-defined path, no hops Extend Ethernet No routers More secure Cost savings Converged network (voice, data, video)
The Present
Partially converged MPLS Network
isdn back up
Videoconferencing Public Internet
Seattle
Local Telco (Qwest)
3M
pbs
i sd n bac ku p
i sd
nb
ac
ku p
Wide Area Network Provider
Portland
9Mbps up ck a b n i sd
3Mbps
D.C.
s
Public Switched Telephone Network Local / Long Distance Local Telco (Verizon)
3M
bp
Los Angeles
The Future
Fully converged MPLS Network (voice/ video/data)
10/10 0
Metro Ethernet Videoconferencing Public Internet
Seattle
ck
ku p
up
bac
k ac
backup
ba
up
backup
10/1
00
ba
ck
up
Public Switched Telephone Network Local / Long Distance
10/100
Metro Ethernet
Los Angeles
bac
Portland
ku p
Metro Ethernet
Metro Ethernet
10 10/
D.C.
Requires advanced knowledge of IP Security (IPSec) Required special routers with VPN accelerators
WAN enhancement
Riverbed Steelhead appliance
Reduces the latency of the WAN
Latency is the reason why you dont get your full bandwidth
For example, 1.544 Mbps is actually 900 Kbps
Uses special data sequencing to cache data and only send across changes Transaction prediction Examples
Users in DC connecting to Portland like LAN Backup warm servers across the WAN and replicate the changes
http://www.riverbed.com/
Wireless WANs
IP Tunneling Example
Wireless WANs
Butwhat if users need to work across a much wider geographic area such as a whole city, or even several states???
Wireless WANs
Some WWAN Fun Facts
This technology allows route drivers to receive and transmit realtime data wherever they are (Earlier solutions involved batched data, sent by modem) Latest networks are shared use, packets-as-needed rather than circuit-based, making them cheaper Several providersmust match standard and provider Must subscribe to providers service Some interfaces use SIM cards for activation, just like mobile phones Basically a cellular technology used for mobile phones as well Limited bandwidths, speed depending on technology and number of channels used Similar to modem speeds: 14.4 Kbps to 114 Kbps Some newer technologies promising 384 Kbps (EDGE)
Wireless WANs
Some Service Types
Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Uses multiplexing, which allows numerous signals to occupy a single transmission channel General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) Packet-basedused to provide data to phone and laptops Global System for Mobile communication (GMS) Most widely used worldwide and is the de facto standard in Europe Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE) Newer faster service available since around 2001
Wireless WANs
WWAN Enables Mobile Users to:
Download the days deliveries and orders Enter new orders Track inventory a store has on hand Capture signatures Print receipts Run reports Close out day
WAN Potential
Thank You