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Cognitive Dissonance Expectancy Violation Theory

Chapter 8

Theory of Cognitive Dissonance

When we are confronted with information implying that we may have behaved in ways that are irrational, immoral, or stupid, we experience a good deal of discomfort. This feeling of discomfort caused by performing an action that runs counter to ones customary (typically positive) conception of oneself is referred to as cognitive dissonance.

The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance

Leon Festinger (1957) was the first to investigate the precise workings of this powerful phenomenon and elaborated his findings into what is arguably social psychologys most important and most provocative theory, the theory of cognitive dissonance. Dissonance is most powerful and most upsetting when people behave in ways that threaten their self-image.

The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance

There are three basic ways we try to reduce cognitive dissonance: By changing our behavior to bring it in line with the dissonant cognition. By attempting to justify our behavior through changing one of the dissonant cognitions. By attempting to justify our behavior by adding new cognitions.

Weaknesses
Difficult to disprove/falsify the theory. Cooper & Fazio (1984) argue that the original theory of cognitive dissonance contains a great deal of "conceptual fuzziness. Sila baca http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0073135615/student_view0/c hapter7/

Chapter 9
Tip: Baca ini dengan EVT (Miller)

Expectancy Violation Theory

Calie Friederichs

E.V.T. definitions?
Expectancy
What people expect will happen, rather than what they desire to happen.

Violate
To break, disregard, or infringe.

Theory
The analysis of a set of facts and their relation to one another.

Where does EVT come from?

Judy Burgoon
Communication scholar at the University of Arizona.

EVT was introduced in 1976

EVT is an extension of the Nonverbal Expectancy Violations Model
Since then Model has been dropped, leaving the Theory known as EVT.

Based off of several theories primarily focusing on communication amongst one another. Theory roots extend from the Uncertainty Reduction Theory
(The theory explains how individuals seek to reduce uncertainty between each other
during initial interactions, based on self-disclosure) 1975

What is EVT?
Relationship:
EVT looks at the communication exchange between one another and will perceive the exchange of either positive or negative depending on the relationship.

What does it do?

Violations of expectancies cause arousal which in turns compel the recipients to appraise the violations.

What makes up EVT?

EVT is based off of two components:
Proxemics: the study of distance between people as they interact Kinesics: our interpretations of body language

EVT focuses on the proper space between people and the reaction once the space is crossed, leaving EVT to fall under the category of discourse and interaction.

How EVT Works

Meet and Greet /\ Relationship is Pre-determined
(Room for deviation is left aside)

/\ Expectancies are formed /\ Reward or Punishment

By rewarding you you are deciding to allow that friendship to blossom.

By punishing you are choosing to not take part in that relationship, often by putting and end to the conversation or friendship.

Burgoon believes that reward potential moves from the background to foreground when our expectancy is violated.

Expectancy Violations are based upon what?

Was the interpretation of the behavior or nature of the violator positive or negative?
Cultural Norms: How close is too close? Can I have a double wide space bubble please? Context: Did the conversation take place in an appropriate setting?

In America, the average conversation has a space of about 2 FT --- 6 FT.

Expectation Influencing Factors

Interactant Variables: Traits of the persons involved. Sex, race, culture, status and age can all influence this. Environmental Variable: Based upon the amount of space available and the nature of the surrounding area. Variables related to the nature: Social norms (interaction and formality of the situation) also known as Communicator Characteristics.

Other Influencing Factors

Personal features: Look the part/ Act the part

Communication: Speak on a level you wish to be associated with