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1.

3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity


A magic balloon Heat capacity Mixtures
?

? ?

Specific heat capacity

Importance of high specific heat capacity of water Check-point 3


1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

A magic balloon

WHY?
Video Why the balloon did not pop?
1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

A magic balloon
It is because

The balloon was filled with water.


But

Why can the water prevent the balloon from popping?


1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Heat capacity

Which one heats up faster?


1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Heat capacity

Energy transferred by heating needed to raise the temp. through 1 C

Unit: J C1 In equation:

E = CT

1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Heat capacity

1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

2
a

Specific heat capacity


Different substances require different amounts of energy to heat it up. They have different specific heat capacity c. E = mcT

Meaning of specific heat capacity

proportionality constant
1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Meaning of specific heat capacity

Energy transferred
by heating needed to raise

the temperature of 1 kg of the substance


through 1 C. Unit: J kg1 C1

1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

9 Meaning of specific heat capacity Sometimes, People prefer to talk about the heat capacity C of the whole body rather than 1 kg of it. a This is the energy to raise the temperature of the substance through 1 C.

Heat capacity = mass specific heat capacity


Or

C=mc
1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Comparing specific heat capacity 10 with heat capacity


specific heat capacity symbol: c same for the same material E = mcT heat capacity symbol: C same for the same material of the same mass E = CT unit: J C1 or J K1

unit: J kg1 C1 or J kg1 K1

1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Meaning of specific heat capacity

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1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Experiment 1a
Specific heat capacity

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Find out how much: energy

Temperature change

The mass of water

1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Experiment 1a
Specific heat capacity

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Video

Video

1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Meaning of specific heat capacity

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Based on experiment 1a,

When energy E is plotted against temperature change T, a straight line is obtained.

E T, for constant mass


1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Meaning of specific heat capacity


When energy E is plotted against the mass m, a straight line is obtained.

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E m, for constant T

1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Meaning of specific heat capacity


E mT

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Combining the two results, This means: The energy needed to heat up the water is directly proportional to the (1) mass of water and (2) the temperature change. It is true for all substances.
1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Specific heat capacities of some substances


Substance

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c / J kg1 C1
4200
2200

Water
Very high! Can you tell what it means? Paraffin

Glass
Copper Mercury

600
370 140

1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

How is specific heat capacity 18 is measured?

1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Experiment 1b

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Measuring the specific heat capacity of water

Set-up the apparatus. - mass of water = 0.2 kg - heat up by 10 C How much energy is needed?

Video

Simulation

1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Precautions:
1 Switch on the heater...
unless the heating part of it is totally immersed in water. 2 3 Totally immerse the heating part of the heater in water. Take the final temperature as soon as the power supply is switched off.

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Stir the water and record the highest reading.


1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

How is specific heat capacity 21 is measured?

1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Experiment 1c
How much energy is needed?

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Measuring the specific heat capacity of aluminium

Video

Simulation

1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Precautions:
1
2

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Add a few drops of oil to the holes in the aluminium block.


Place the aluminium block on a polystyrene tile.

Switch on the heater...


unless the heating part of it is in contact with the aluminium block.

1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Mixtures

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When two bodies that have different temperatures are put in contact, energy is transferred from the hot body to the cold body. energy lost by = energy gained by the hot body the cold body

1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Mixtures
After a certain time

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high

low

same

Energy flows from hot body to cold body

Transfer of energy stops

1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Mixtures

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It agrees with conservation of energy. The conservation of energy: The total amount of energy in a system is conserved

1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Mixtures

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1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Experiment 1d
Mixture

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Measure the mass and temperature of a cup of cold water and those of a cup of hot water. Quickly mix the 2 cups of water and measure the temperature of the mixture.

Video
1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Importance of high specific heat capacity of water

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Video The high specific capacity if water makes it useful.


1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Importance of high specific heat capacity of water

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Water has a very high specific heat capacity. Water can take in a lot of energy with only a small temperature rise. Coolant in motor cars
1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Energy given out by radiator


air flows

Heat removed 31 from engine

pump a Water takes in energy from the hot engine and carries it to the radiator and releases it to the air.
1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

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b

High specific heat capacity of water

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The temperature of sea-water rises and falls much more slowly than that of the land. It is because the small temperature change of the sea.

1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

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c

High specific heat capacity of water


The watery fluids in the human body have a high specific heat capacity. (approx. 70%) Though temperature of the surroundings changes temperature of body changes slowly.

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1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Check-point 3
1 2 3 4 5 When 9000 J is given to a Heat sink is a device for Calculate the amount of When 6750 J is given to 3 kg Amy is preparing an
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35 Check-point 3 Q1 When 9000 J is given to a 1-kg aluminium block, what is the temperature increase of the block? (Specific heat capacity of aluminium = 900 J kg1 C1) A 1 C

B
C

5 C
10 C

20 C
1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Check-point 3 Q2
Heat sink is a device for absorbing and dissipating heat.

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Which of the following is/are true for a good heat sink?


A It has high specific heat capacity. B It has large surface area. C All of the above.
1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Check-point 3 Q3 Calculate the amount of energy required to heat up a glass of milk from 20 C to 60 C.

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(Heat capacity of the glass of milk = 2400 J C1) Energy required E = CT


(60 20) 2400 x _________ = _______ 96 000 J = _______
1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

38 Check-point 3 Q4 When 6750 J is given to a 3 kg of a metal block, the temperature of the block rises by 5 C. What are the specific heat capacity of this block? Specific heat capacity

c = E/mT
c = 6750/( 3 5 )
1 C1 450 J kg = ______________
1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Check-point 3 Q4
Heat capacity = mc
1 1350 J K = _________

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1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

40 Check-point 3 Q5 Amy is preparing an instant cup noodle by adding 200 g of water at 90 C to 80 g of noodle at 20 C. What will be the temperature of the mixture just after mixing?

(Specific heat capacities of water and noodle are 4200 J kg1 C1 and 2000 J kg1 C1 respectively)

1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Check-point 3 Q5 Let T be the temp. of mixture.


Energy lost by Energy gained = hot water by noodle

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0.2 x 4200 x (90 T ) = ___________________ 0.08 x 2000 x (T 20) _________________

78.8 C T = _______
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The End

1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Example 3
Heat capacity of the water

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In order to heat up the water from 20 C to 25 C in (a) a glass (Fig a), 4.2 kJ Fig a of energy is needed. (b) An indoor swimming pool (Fig b), 5.25 x 107 kJ of energy is needed. What are the heat capacities of the water in the above two cases?
1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Fig b

Example 3
Heat capacity of the water

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(a)

E C = T
4200 J = (25 20) C
= 840 J C1

The heat capacity of the water in a glass is 840 J C1


1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Example 3
Heat capacity of the water

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(b)

E C = T
= 5.25 x 1010 J (25 20) C

= 1.05 x 1010 J C1 The heat capacity of the water in a swimming pool is 1.05 x 1010 J C1
1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

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1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Example 4

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Energy needed to raise temperature

Calculate the energy needed to raise the temperature... ...of 5 kg of aluminum from 20 C to 100 C. Specific heat capacity of aluminium is 900 J kg1 C1.

1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Example 4

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Energy needed to raise temperature

The energy needed is: E = mcT = 5 900 (100 20) = 360 000 J

1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

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Return

1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Example 5

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Specific heat capacity of water

In the experiment, the results are:

Mass of water = 0.2 kg Initial joulemeter reading = 46 000 J Final joulemeter reading = 61 000 J Initial temperature = 20 C
Final temperature = 37 C
1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Example 5
Find

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Specific heat capacity of water

(a) Find the specific heat capacity of water. (b) Account for any difference of the value from the standard value, 4200 J kg1 C1

1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Example 5

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Specific heat capacity of water

(a) c = E/mT = (61 000 46 000) / [0.2 (37 20)] = 4410 J kg1 C1

1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Example 5

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Specific heat capacity of water

(b) There is 5% error.

The error is due to energy loss to the surroundings. Some energy is transferred to heat up the cup, stirrer and thermometer.

1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

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Return

1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Example 6

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Specific heat capacity of aluminium

The experiment results were obtained: Mass of aluminium = 1.0 kg Initial & final temperature o o = 28.5 C, 35 C Initial joulemeter reading = 98 300 J

Final joulemeter reading = 104 900 J


1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Example 6
(a)

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Specific heat capacity of aluminium

Find the specific heat capacity of aluminium. c = E / (m T )

c = (104 900 98 300)/ [1 (35 28.5) ]


= 1020 J
o 1 1 kg C

1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Example 6

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Specific heat capacity of aluminium

(b) Account for any difference from the standard value, 900 J kg1 C1 Compared with the standard value o 1 1 of 900 J kg C , there is an error of about 13 %. 1020 900 100% This 900 error is due to the energy loss to the surroundings. = 0.13 = 13%
1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

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1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Example 7
Temperature of mixture

59 0.4 kg 80 C

0.3 kg 10 C

What is the temperature of the mixture?


1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

Example 7
Temperature of mixture

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Let T be the temperature of the mixture.

Fall in temperature of hot water


= (80 T ) C Rise in temperature of cold water = (T 10) C
1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

0.7 kg T C

Example 7
Temperature of mixture

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Assuming no energy is lost to the surroundings energy lost by energy gained by = hot water cold water 0.4 4200 (80 T ) = 0.3 4200 (T 10) 0.4 (80 T ) = 0.3 (T 10) Solving the equation, T = 50 C
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1.3 Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

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