Ship Construction

Framing Systems Double Bottom Construction Stem & Stern Construction

Transverse Framing:

Many, closelyspaced Frames

Deck Beams tie upper ends of frames Fewer, deeper & more widely spaced Longitudinals Support Inner Bottom & give longitudinal strength Longitudinals supporting Decks are called (Deck) Girders

Additional Decks (supported by Beams & Girders) increase Transverse & Longitudinal strength Transverse Bulkheads provide watertight boundaries, contribute significantly to transverse strength, and provide vertical support for Decks

Transverse Framing:

Many, closelyspaced Frames

Advantages Open, nearly rectangular interior space Ideal for stowing large, irregular, break-bulk items, or Vehicles (Ro-Ros) Disadvantages Vertical support for decks requires more closely spaced transverse bulkheads (hence smaller compartments) or Pillars (stanchions) or Longitudinal bulkheads

Longitudinal Framing:

Deep (Web) Transverse Frames

Few & widely

spaced Smaller, closelyspaced Longitudnals support shell plating Side shell longitudinals call stringers Inner Bottom gives additional longitudinal & transverse strength Double bottom spaces and Under main deck
Girders in high-stress areas:

Longitudinal Framing:
Advantages

Deep (Web) Transverse Frames

Widely spaced transverse bulkheads allow for large (i.e., long) continuous cargo spaces (tanks) Ideal for stowing liquids (reduced free surface effects)
No large, open interior spaces Difficult to load or unload break-bulk items Difficult to stow large, irregular shaped items

Disadvantages

Framing Systems:
Typically, most ships have some combination

of transverse & longitudinal framing

L L L L L L L L L L

TTTTT

Bulkhead STIFFENERS

UPPER TWEEN DECK LOWER TWEEN DECK

TTTTTTTTTTTT

Stringer

(LOWER) HOLD

Web Frame Typical Transverse Frames

SECTION VIEW

FLOOR

C L

PLAN VIEW

C L

Double Bottom details:

Rider Plate Inner Bottom (Tank Top) Airhole Margin Plate Frame

Center Vertical Keel

Limber hole Lightening hole

Longitudinal

Bilge well

Bilge

Keel Plate

Outer Bottom

SOLID FLOOR

Reverse Frame

OPEN FLOOR

Frame

Longitudinal

Strut

Shell Plating details:

(Longitudinal) Rows of plating are called strakes The Keel Plates form the Keel strake The strakes outboard (P&S) of the Keel are the A Strakes

or Garboard Strakes Strakes are consecutively lettered moving outboard and up the side shell
G Strake

B Strake Keel Strake Garboard Strake (A strake)

C Strake

D Strake

E Strake

F Strake (Bilge Strake)

Shell Plating details:

(Longitudinal) Rows of plating are called strakes Welded horizontal joints between strakes are called seams Welded vertical joints between plates in a given strake are

called butts Strakes that do not run the entire ship length (as the hull surface area decreases at the ends) are drop strakes
K Strake J Strake Sheer Strake Through H Strake G Strake Bilge (F) Strake drop

Strakes running stem to stern are called through strakes An oversized plate merging a drop & through strake is a

stealer plate The strake at the deck edge is the sheer strake and is heavier than typical side shell plating

Openings in shell plating must:

*have rounded corners *be reinforced to make up for missing material
and on weather deck -- COAMINGS

portholes

Hatch openings below decks

Watertight doors

Stem Construction
Wrapper Plate Stem Stringers

Decks

Forward Collision Bulkhead

Wrapper Plate Stem

Vertical Stem Post

Rider Plate
Deep Floors C.V. Keel Keel Plate

Breast Hooks

Stern Construction
Stern Frame
Steering Gear Room

Deck Machy Rm
Rope Locker

After Collision Bulkhead

Stern Frame Cant Frames

Lug

Rudder Stock

After Peak Tank Rudder Post Propeller Post

Stern Tube

Pintle Gudgeon

UNBALANCED RUDDER

SEMI-BALANCED RUDDER