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CHANNELS OF

COMMUNICATION
Channels of Communication

Channel of Communication may be classified


into 2 categories :

 Formal Channel of Communication

 Informal Channel of Communication


Channels of Communication
 Formal Channel of Communication:
 Communication flows through formal channels – the officially
recognized positions along the line of the organisation.
Communication flows from manager to immediate
subordinate. Each recipient then retransmits the message in
selected form to next lower level of management. Also flows
upwards on the same basis.

 Used for transmitting goals, policies, procedures, business


plans etc.

 Modes of formal channel of communication are intranet based


email route messages, business letters, applications or even
oral
Channels of Communication

 Formal Channel of Communication:

 Ensures that communication flows orderly/timely & in an


accurate manner.

 Is controlled by managers or people occupying positions.


Channels of Communication
 Formal Channel of Communication
Advantages:

 Helps in maintaining authority structure & easier to fix


responsibility of subordinates for activities carried out by them

 A better understanding between immediate superior & his


team members resulting in better co-ordination & co-
operation.

 No overlapping of information

 Information passed through this channel is more reliable


Channels of Communication

 Formal Channel of Communication


Disadvantages:
 This channel of communication is time-consuming

 It does not allow social & emotional bonds to


develop.

 Formal communication can sometimes stand in


the way of free flow of communication
Channels of Communication
 Informal Channel of Communication-
Grapevine

 Side by side with the formal channel of communication-


is an equally effective informal channel of
communication.

 Runs in horizontal, vertical & diagonal directions

 Exists due to intense, irrepressible desire to


communicate, talk, share one’s feelings or gossip.
Channels of Communication

 Advantages of Informal Channel of


Communication
 Speedy Transmission
 Feedback value
 Psychological satisfaction
 Creation of ideas
 Support to other channels
Channels of Communication

 Disadvantages of Informal Channel of


Communication
 Cannot be taken seriously
 Distorts information
 It may prove counter-productive
 Lack of accountability
BARRIERS TO
COMMUNICATION
Barriers to
Communication
 Barriers to communication are anything that
impedes or blocks or interferes with
communication.
 Being aware of barriers will help in removing
them. Removing barriers is one of the easiest
ways to improve communication
Barriers to Communication

 Semantic Barrier :

 Similar pronouncing words with multiple


meanings eg. See, sea or pear , pair
 Badly expressed message. Could be unclear
message or message full of grammatical errors
 People interpreting the same symbols in their
own ways.
Barriers to Communication

 Semantic Barrier :

 Assumptions or Stereotyping – assuming as if


they already know the message or as if no
message is required since everybody knows
 Information overload
Barriers to Communication

 Organisational Barrier:

 Organisational culture & climate influences the


freedom, & interaction pattern among its people.

 The status, power & positions could act as a


hurdle or acting as a fear factor due to which
people cannot say what they wish to.
Barriers to Communication

 Organisational Barrier:

 The complex hierarchical structure of organisation


could be too tall or divisionalised which could
restrict free flow of communication
 Incorrect choice of medium
eg. Disciplinary warning should be in writing, oral
“Good Morning” or use of videos during training
programs
Barriers to Communication
 Interpersonal Barriers- Effectiveness of
communication depends a lot upon interpersonal
relationship between 2 people:
 Differences in Perception
 Lack of trust
 Lack of consideration for employee’s needs
 Wish to capture authority & fear of losing control
 No interest to communicate or lack of co-operation
 Poor listening – lack of attention, difficult information or
information that has little bearing in our life
 Different emotional states
Barriers to Communication
 Psycho-Sociological Barriers
People have different styles & also have personal
desires, fears, hopes, likes & dislikes, views &
opinions.
 Poor attention & retention
 Closed mind
 Defensive attitude
 State of health
Barriers to Communication

 Cross-cultural/Geographic Barriers
 Words, colors & symbols have different meanings
in different cultures.
 Differences in values , behaviour & social
relationships lead barriers in communication
 Cross language barriers could result in poor
communication
Barriers to Communication

 Physical Barriers
 Noise is disturbance which occurs in transmission
process like the sound of typewriter.
 Environment like unpleasant temperature, lighting,
room size, arrangement of seatings
 Defects in the devices used for transmitting
communication (like telephone )could disrupt
communication.
Measures to overcome barriers
in Communication
 Fostering good relationships
 Purposeful & well focused communication
 Good co-ordination between employer & subordinates.
 Avoid technical language
 Minimise selective perception through proper feedback
 There should be proper division of labour
 Use proper communication channel
 Clear, easy to implement organisation goals & policies
which should be to the advantage of everyone
ENGLISH
GRAMMAR
ENGLISH GRAMMMAR
PARTS OF SPEECH
Words are divided into different kinds or
classes called Parts of Speech, according to
their use in a sentence. Parts of speech are
5. Noun – used as name of a person, place or thing.
Nouns are divided into
 Common noun eg. girl, dog, child, house, tree
 Proper noun eg. Kalidas, India
 Abstract noun eg. happiness, bravery,strength
 Collective noun eg. mob, fleet, bouquet
ENGLISH GRAMMMAR
PARTS OF SPEECH

3. Adjective – used to add something to the meaning


of the noun
 Qualitative adjectives eg. pretty, honest
 Quantitative adjectives eg. Some, any
 Numeral adjectives eg. first, ten
 Demonstrative adjectives eg.this, that, such
 Interrogative adjectives eg. What, which, whose
ENGLISH GRAMMMAR
PARTS OF SPEECH

3. Pronoun – word used instead of a noun


 Personal pronouns eg. I, he, she, you, we
 Reflexive and Emphatic pronouns eg.
Myself, yourself, himself, themselves
 Demonstrative pronouns eg. This, that
eg. This is a gift from my uncle.
ENGLISH GRAMMMAR
PARTS OF SPEECH

3. Verb – word used to express action or state. It tells


what a person or thing does or what is done to a
person/thing or what a person/thing is.
 Transitive verb denotes an action which passes
over from doer or subject to an object.
eg. The horse kicked the man.
 Intransitive verb denotes an action which does not
pass over to an object or expresses state of being.
eg. The horse kicked wildly.
ENGLISH GRAMMMAR
PARTS OF SPEECH

3. Adverb – word used to add something to the meaning of a


verb, adjective or another adverb
 Adverb of time
eg. He arrived late
 Adverb of frequency
eg. He often makes mistakes
 Adverb of place
eg. Stand here. He looked up.
 Adverb of manner
eg. The Sikhs fought bravely
ENGLISH GRAMMMAR
PARTS OF SPEECH

3. Preposition – word placed before noun or pronoun


to show in what relation the person or thing
denoted by it stands in relation to something else
eg. at, by, from, of, under, on
7. Conjunction – word used to join words or
sentences
eg. Balu and Vithal are good bowlers
eg. Either take it or leave it
eg. You will get the prize if you deserve it
ENGLISH GRAMMMAR
PARTS OF SPEECH

3. Interjection – word that expresses a sudden


feeling.
eg. Hurrah! we have won the game.
Alas! the dog is dead.
9. Article
 Definite article eg. the
 Indefinite article eg. a, an
ENGLISH GRAMMMAR
KINDS OF SENTENCES

 Assertive sentences
eg. Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall.
 Interrogative sentences
eg. Where do you live?
 Imperative sentences
eg. Be quiet. Have mercy upon us.
 Exclamatory sentences
eg. How cold the night is!
ENGLISH GRAMMMAR
ACTIVE VOICE & PASSIVE VOICE

3. Active Voice – Form of verb which shows


that does something or has something done
to it.
4. Passive voice – Form of verb which shows
something is done to the person or thing
denoted by the Subject
ENGLISH GRAMMMAR
ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
 The cat killed the  The mouse was killed
mouse by the cat
 The peon opened the  The gate was opened
gate by the peon
 Who did this ?  By whom was this
done?
 All love him  He is loved by all
ENGLISH GRAMMMAR
ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
 Gives
 Is giving
 Is/ are given
 Are giving
 Is being given
 Has given  Are being given
 Have given  Has been given
 Gave
 Was giving
 Have been given
 Were giving  Was / Were given
 Had given  Was being given
 Will give
 Can/ must give
 Were being given
 Had been given
 Will be given
 Can / must be given
ENGLISH GRAMMMAR
DEGREES OF COMPARISON

3. Positive degree
eg. Sweet
2. Comparative degree
eg. sweeter
7. Superlative degree

eg. sweetest
ENGLISH GRAMMMAR
DEGREES OF COMPARISON

Positive Comparative Superlative


Add - er est
 Young younger youngest
For words ending in just add
- r st
 Brave braver bravest
For words ending in y add
- cancel“y” add”ier” cancel”y” add “iest”
 Happy happier happiest
ENGLISH GRAMMMAR
DEGREES OF COMPARISON

Words like the following double the last letter &


then add er & est
Positive Comparative Superlative
red redder reddest
big bigger biggest
hot hotter hottest
thin thinner thinnest
fat fatter fattest
sad sadder saddest
ENGLISH GRAMMMAR
DEGREES OF COMPARISON

For following words add more & most to the positive to make it comparative &
superlative
Positive Comparative Superlative
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
difficult more difficult most difficult
industrious
courageous
fortunate
famous
modern
foolish
recent
useful
hopeless
boring
ENGLISH GRAMMMAR
IRREGULAR COMPARISON

Positive Comparative Superlative


Good, well better best
Bad, evil worse worst
Little less, lesser least
Much more most
Many more most
Late later,latter latest, last
Old older, elder oldest, eldest
Far farther farthest
In inner innermost
Up upper uppermost
ENGLISH GRAMMMAR
DEGREES OF COMPARISON

To change the degree of comparison without


changing its meaning
1. Lead is the heaviest metal of all
No metal is as heavy as lead
7. Mahabaleshwar is cooler than Panchagani
Panchagani is not as cool as Mahabaleshwar
9. He is as wise as Solomon
Solomon was not wiser than he is
ENGLISH GRAMMMAR
SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT

Verb must agree with its subject in number & person


Eg. I play
He/She plays
Eg. I am playing
He is playing
They are playing
Eg. He has
We have
ENGLISH GRAMMMAR
SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT

Following are some rules


4. When 2 or more nouns/pronouns joined by “and” then
the verb becomes plural
eg. Gold & silver are precious metals
Are your father & mother at home?
Fire & water do not agree.

10. When singular subject is joined by “with”, “as well as”, then use
singular verb
eg. The house with its contents was insured.
Silver as well as cotton has fallen in price.
ENGLISH GRAMMMAR
SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT

Following are some rules


4. When 2 or more singular subjects are joined by “or”/ “nor”
use singular verb
eg. Our happiness or sorrow is largely due to our actions
Neither food nor water was to be found there.
5. When subjects joined by “or”/ “nor” are of different
person, verb agrees with the nearer subject
eg. Either he or I am mistaken.
Neither my friend nor I am to be blamed.
ENGLISH GRAMMMAR
SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT

Following are some rules


5. “Either, neither, each, everyone, many a” must be
followed by singular verb
eg. Each of the suspected men was arrested.
eg. Neither of the two men was very strong.
7. Following plural nouns take singular verb
eg. News, politics,
 Also collective nouns take singular verbs
eg. The jury was divided in its opinion.
ENGLISH GRAMMMAR
SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT

Following are some rules


7. Due to “error of proximity” ,the mistake of making the
verb agree in number with a noun near it instead of
with its proper subject
eg. The quality of mangoes was not good.
The formation of paragraphs is very important.
8. “None” takes a plural verb
eg. None are so deaf.
ENGLISH GRAMMMAR
DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH

 Direct speech – Actual words are quoted


eg. Rama said “I am very busy now”
 Indirect speech – We may report what he said
without quoting his actual words.
eg. Rama said that he was very busy then.
ENGLISH GRAMMMAR
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
 He said “I write”  He said that he wrote
 He said “My master is  He said that his master
writing letters” was writing letters
 He said “I have passed  He said that he had
the exams” passed the exams.
 He said “The horse died
 He said that the horse had
in the night” died in the night.
 He said “Ram will go to
 He said that Ram would
go to school.
school”
ENGLISH GRAMMMAR
DIRECT SPEECH & INDIRECT SPEECH
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Now then
here there
today that day
tomorrow next day
yesterday the day before
last night the night before
ENGLISH GRAMMMAR
DIRECT SPEECH & INDIRECT SPEECH
 For questions verbs like asked, enquired can be used
for indirect speech
eg. He said “ Will you listen to him?”
He asked them whether they would listen to
him.
 For commands & requests verbs like command, order,
urge or request can be used.
eg. Ram said to Arjun “Go away”
Ram ordered Arjun to go away.

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