Animal Breeding Systems

Breeding Systems
Purebreeding Cross Breeding Outcrossing Inbreeding Grading up

Purebred Breeding
An animal of a particular breed Both parents are purebred Characteristics of the breed Eligible for registry in breed association Tend to be genetically homozygous Specialized business

Closebreeding
Most intensive Animals are very closely related and can be traced back to more than 1 common ancestor Examples:
Sire to daughter Son to dam Brother to sister

Crossbreeding (X)
Mating two animals of different breeds Offspring is a Hybrid Usually results in improved traits because dominant genes mask undesirable recessive genes Superior traits that result from crossbreeding are called hybrid vigor or heterosis

Grading Up
Mating purebred males to grade females Good way to improve quality Less expensive Use of purebred sires long enough will eventually lead to the amount of grade breeding left in the offspring being less than 1%

Outcrossing
Mating of animals of different families within the same breed Animals are not closely related Purpose is to bring into the breeding program traits that are desirable but not present in the original animals Used most by purebred breeders Popular because it reduces the chances of undeniable traits are still present Sometimes used in inbreeding programs to bring in needed traits

Cattle Breeds

Describing a cattle breeds

size

Desirable traits

Describing origin
Breed + originated in + The Angus originated in Northern Scotland. Breed + was developed in + The Brahman breed was developed in the US from the blending of three breeds of Indian cattle.

Describing size and color

Size Use verb to be (is/am/are) - medium-sized - Small Color It is + color

light grey mottled

The Brahman is a mediumsized breed. It is small in size.

reddish

Solid black

Describing special features

Hair coat/ ears It has .. - smooth hair coat - pendulous ears Horn/polled It is horned. It has horn. It is polled (hornless).

Describing special features

Hump () It is humped at the back of the neck. Muscle S+ has/ possess+ It has small muscle. It possess strong muscle.

Describing desirable traits

The desirable traits of breed include + cold/heat tolerance The desirable traits of the Angus includes cold Mothering tolerance, mothering and Milking ability milking ability Early maturity Little calving difficulty Good rustling ability High fertility Excellent quality carcass High muscling Low percent of fat covering

Describing undesirable traits

Common criticisms of + breed + are + . - Lack of size - Over prominent shoulder Common criticism of the Angus are lack of size, over prominent shoulders in some bull.

Describing desirable traits

Common criticisms of + breed + are + . The breed is criticized for + N Lack of size/ cold Common criticism of the tolerance/ heat tolerance Angus are lack of size, over prominent shoulders in Over prominent shoulder some bull. Late maturity The breed is criticized for Low fertility lack of cold tolerance.

Can you describe the above cattle?