Two Phase II

Ref.
: Brill & Beggs, Two Phase Flow in Pipes, 6

th
Edition, 1991.
Chapter 3.
Two-Phase Flow Correlations
Vertical Upward Flow Pipeline (Duns & Ros)
1- Flow regimes boundaries: The flow regimes map is shown
in Figure 3-10. The flow regimes boundaries are defined as
a functions of the dimensionless quantities: N
gv
, N
Lv
, N
d
, N
L
,
L
1
, L
2
, L
s
and L
m
where:
- N
gv
, N
Lv
, N
d
and N
L
are the same as Hagedorn & Brown method.
- L
s
= 50 + 36 N
Lv
and L
m
= 75 + 84 N
Lv
0.75

- L
1
and L
2
are functions of N
d
as shown in Figure 3-11.
Bubble Flow Limits: 0 N
gv
L
1
+ L
2
N
Lv
Slug Flow Limits: L
1
+ L
2
N
Lv
N
gv
L
s
Transition (Churn) Flow Limits: L
s
< N
gv
<L
m

Annular-Mist Flow Limits: N
gv
> L
m

2- Pressure gradient due to elevation change: The procedure
for calculating the pressure gradient due to elevation
change in each flow regimes is:

- Calculate the dimensionless slip velocity (S) based on the
appropriate correlation
- Calculate v
s
based on the definition of S:
- Calculate H
L
based on the definition of v
s
:

- Calculate the pressure gradient due to elevation change:
| |
s
sL s s m m s
L
L
sL
L
sg
s
v
v v v v v v
H
H
v
H
v
v
2
4 ) (
1
5 . 0
2
+ +
=
=
4
/ ) (
L L s
g S v o =
g g L L s s
c elevation
H H where
g
g
Z
P
+ = =
|
.
|
\
|
d
d
Correlations for calculating S in each flow regimes:
Bubble Flow:

F
1
, F
2
, F
3
and F
4
can be obtained from Figure 3-12.

Slug Flow:

F
5
, F
6
and F
7
can be obtained from Figure 3-14.

Mist Flow: Duns and Ros assumed that with the high gas flow
rates in the mist flow region the slip velocity was zero (
s
=
n
).
d Lv
gv
Lv
N
F
F F where
N
N
F N F F S
4
3
'
3
2
'
3 2 1
1
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ + =
6
'
6
2
7
'
6
982 . 0
5
029 . 0
) 1 (
) 1 ( F N F where
N F
F N
F S
d
Lv
gv
+ =
+
+
+ =
3- Pressure gradient due to friction:

Bubble Flow:

f
1
is obtained from Moody diagram ( ), f
2
is a correction
for the gas-liquid ratio, and is given in Figure 3-13, and f
3
is an
additional correction factor for both liquid viscosity and gas-liquid
ratio, and can be calculated as:

Slug Flow: The same as bubble flow regime.

3 2 1
/
2 d
d
f f f f where
d g
v v f
Z
P
tp
c
m sL L tp
friction
= =
|
.
|
\
|

sL
sg
v
v
f f
50
1
1 3
+ =
L
sL L
d v
N
=
Re
Annular-Mist Flow: In this region, the friction term is based on
the gas phase only. Thus:

As the wave height on the pipe walls increase, the actual area
through which the gas can flow is decreased, since the diameter
open to gas is d .

After calculating the gas Reynolds number, , the two-
phase friction factor can be obtained from Moody diagram or rough
pipe equation:

2
2
2
,
2 d
d
d
d
v v d d where
d g
v f
Z
P
sg sg
c
sg g tp
friction
= = =
|
.
|
\
|
c
g
sg g
d v
N
=
Re
( )
05 . 0 067 . 0
) / 27 . 0 ( log 4
1
4
73 . 1
2
10
>
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
d
for
d
d
f
tp
c c
c
Duns and Ros noted that the wall roughness for mist flow is affected
by the wall liquid film. Its value is greater than the pipe roughness
and less than 0.5, and can be calculated as follows (or Figure 3-15):

Where

Duns and Ros suggested that the prediction of friction loss could be
refined by using d instead of d. In this case the determination of
roughness is iterative.
= >
= s
d v
N N
d
N N f or
d v d
N N f or
sg g
We L
We
sg g
L
We
2
302 . 0
2
) ( 3713 . 0
: 005 . 0
0749 . 0
: 005 . 0
o
c

o c
c o

o
c
L L
L
L
sg g
we
N
v
number Weber N
2
2
, ) ( = =
4- Pressure gradient due to acceleration:

Bubble Flow: The acceleration term is negligible.

Slug Flow: The acceleration term is negligible.

Mist Flow:

P g
v v
E Where
E
Z
P
Z
P
Z
P
or
Z
P
P g
v v
Z
P
c
n sg m
k
k
f ele
total
total c
n sg m
acc
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
1
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
Transition Flow: In the transition zone between slug and mist
flow, Duns and Ros suggested linear interpolation between the flow
regime boundaries, L
s
and L
m
, to obtain the pressure gradient, as
follows:

Where

Increased accuracy was claimed if the gas density used in the mist
flow pressure gradient calculation was modified to :
Mist Slug Transition
Z
P
B
Z
P
A
Z
P
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
d
d
d
d
d
d
A
L L
L N
B
L L
N L
A
s m
s gv
s m
gv m
=
= 1 ,
m
gv g
g
L
N
=
'
Vertical Upward Flow Pipeline (Orkiszewski)
Orkiszewski, after testing several correlations, selected the
Griffith and Wallis method for bubble flow and the Duns
and Ros method for annular-mist flow. For slug flow, he
proposed a new correlation.

Bubble Flow
1- Limits: v
sg
/ v
m
< L
B

2- Liquid Holdup:

Where the v
s
have a constant value of 0.8 ft/sec.

( ) 13 . 0 and / 2218 . 0 071 . 1 Where
2
> =
B m B
L d v L
(
+ + =
s sg s m
s
m
L
v v v v
v
v
H / 4 ) / 1 ( 1 5 . 0 1
2

Where f
tp
is obtained from Moody diagram with liquid
Reynolds number:

4- Pressure gradient due to acceleration: is negligible in bubble
flow regimes.

Slug Flow
1- Limits: v
sg
/ v
m
> L
B
and N
gv
< L
s
Where L
s
and N
gv
are the same as Duns and Ros method.

d g
v f
Z
P
c
L L tp
friction
2 d
d
2
=
|
.
|
\
|
L
L L
d v
N
=
Re
2- Two-phase density:

The following procedure must be used for calculating v
b
:

1- Estimate a value for v
b
. A good guess is v
b
= 0.5 (g d)
0.5

2- Based on the value of v
b
, calculate the

3- Calculate the new value of v
b
from the equations shown in the
next page, based on N
Reb
and N
ReL
where

4- Compare the values of v
b
obtained in steps one and three. If they
are not sufficiently close, use the values calculated in step three as
the next guess and go to step two.

o

L
b m
sg g b sL L
s
v v
v v v
+
+
+ +
=
) (
L
b L
d v
N
b
=
Re
L
m L
d v
N
L
=
Re
Use the following equations for calculation of v
b
:

( ) 3000 10 74 . 8 546 . 0
Re Re
6
s + =

b L
N for d g N v
b
( ) 8000 10 74 . 8 35 . 0
Re Re
6
> + =

b L
N for d g N v
b
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + =
5 . 0
5 . 0
2
59 . 13
5 . 0
d
v where
L
L
b

( ) 8000 3000 10 74 . 8 251 . 0
Re Re
6
< < + =

b L
N for d g N
The value of can be calculated from the following equations
depending upon the continuous liquid phase and mixture velocity.

Continuous
Liquid Phase
Value
of v
m

Equation of
Water < 10
Water >10
Oil <10
Oil >10
) log( 428 . 0 ) log( 232 . 0 681 . 0
) log( 013 . 0
38 . 1
d v
d
m
L
+ =

o
) log( 888 . 0 ) log( 162 . 0 709 . 0
) log( 045 . 0
799 . 0
d v
d
m
L
=

o
) log( 113 . 0 ) log( 167 . 0 284 . 0
) 1 log( 0127 . 0
415 . 1
d v
d
m
L
+ +
+
=

o
(
+ +
+
=
+ + +
+
=
) log( 63 . 0 397 . 0
) 1 log( 01 . 0
) log(
) log( 569 . 0 161 . 0
) 1 log( 0274 . 0
571 . 1
371 . 1
d
d
v X
X d
d
L
m
L
o
Data from literature indicate that a phase inversion from oil
continuous to water continuous occurs at a water cut of
approximately 75% in emulsion flow.

The value of is constrained by the following limits:

These constraints are supposed to eliminate pressure
discontinuities between equations for since the equation pairs
do not necessarily meet at v
m
=10 ft/sec.

|
|
.
|
\
|
> >
> <
L
s
b m
b
m
m m
v v
v
v For b
v v For a
o
o
1 : 10 )
065 . 0 : 10 )

Where f
tp
is obtained from Moody diagram with mixture
Reynolds number:

4- Pressure gradient due to acceleration: is negligible in slug
flow regime.

Transition (Churn) Flow Limits: L
s
< N
gv
<L
m
The same as Duns and Ros method.

Annular-Mist Flow Limits: N
gv
> L
m

The same as Duns and Ros method.
(
+
+
+
=
|
.
|
\
|
o
b m
b sL
c
m L tp
friction
v v
v v
d g
v f
Z
P
2 d
d
2
L
m L
d v
N
=
Re
Beggs and Brill
Beggs and Brill method can be used for vertical, horizontal and
inclined two-phase flow pipelines.

1- Flow Regimes: The flow regime used in this method is a
correlating parameter and gives no information about the
actual flow regime unless the pipe is horizontal.
The flow regime map is shown in Figure 3-16. The flow
regimes boundaries are defined as a functions of the
following variables:

738 . 6
4
4516 . 1
3
4684 . 2 4
2
302 . 0
1
2
5 . 0 , 10 . 0
10 252 . 9 , 316 ,

= =
= = =
L L
L L
m
Fr
L L
L L
gd
v
N

Beggs and Brill
Segregated Limits:

Transition Limits:

Intermittent Limits:

Distributed Limits:

2
1
and 01 . 0 or
and 01 . 0
L N
L N
Fr L
Fr L
< >
< <
3 2
and 01 . 0 L N L
Fr L
s s >
4 3
1 3
and 4 . 0 or
and 4 . 0 01 . 0
L N L
L N L
Fr L
Fr L
s < >
< < < s

4
1
and 4 . 0 or
and 4 . 0
L N
L N
Fr L
Fr L
> >
> <

Beggs and Brill
2- Liquid Holdup: In all flow regimes, except transition, liquid
holdup can be calculated from the following equation:

Where H
L(0)
is the liquid holdup which would exist at the same
conditions in a horizontal pipe. The values of parameters, a, b and
c are shown for each flow regimes in this Table:

For transition flow regimes, calculate H
L
as follows:

L L
c
Fr
b
L
L L L
H
N
a
H H H
> = =
) 0 ( ) 0 ( ) 0 ( ) (
: constraint with ,
Flow Pattern a b c
Segregated 0.98 0.4846 0.0868
Intermittent 0.845 0.5351 0.0173
Distributed 1.065 0.5824 0.0609
A B
L L
N L
A H B H A H
Fr
L L L
=
= + = 1 , ,
2 3
3
ent) (intermitt d) (segregate n) (transitio
Beggs and Brill
The holdup correcting factor (), for the effect of pipe inclination
is given by:

Where is the actual angle of the pipe from horizontal. For
vertical upward flow, = 90
o
and = 1 + 0.3 C. C is:

The values of parameters, d, e, f and g are shown for each flow
regimes in this Table:

| | ) 8 . 1 ( sin 333 . 0 ) 8 . 1 sin( 1
3
+ = C
( ) . 0 n that restrictio with , ln ) 1 ( >
'
= C N N d C
g
Fr
f
Lv
e
L L

Flow Pattern d' e f g
Segregated uphill 0.011 -3.768 3.539 -1.614
Intermittent uphill 2.96 0.305 -0.4473 0.0978
Distributed uphill No correction C = 0 , = 1
All patterns downhill 4.70 -0.3692 0.1244 -0.5056
Beggs and Brill
3- Pressure gradient due to friction factor:

f
n
is determined from the smooth pipe curve of the Moody
diagram, using the following Reynolds number:
The parameter S can be calculated as follows:
For and for others:

S
n tp
c
m n tp
f
e f f
d g
v f
L
P
= =
|
|
.
|
\
|
,
2 d
d
2
| |
4 2
) (ln 01853 . 0 ) (ln 8725 . 0 ln 182 . 3 0523 . 0
ln
y y y
y
S
+ +
=
n
m n
d v
N
=
Re
) 2 . 1 2 . 2 ln( 2 . 1 / 1
2
) (
= < = < y S H y
L L

Beggs and Brill
4- Pressure gradient due to acceleration: Although the
acceleration term is very small except for high velocity flow,
it should be included for increased accuracy.

sin ,
1
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
s
c ele c
s sg m
k
k
f ele
total
total c
sg m s
acc
g
g
dL
dP
P g
v v
E Where
E
L
P
L
P
L
P
or
L
P
P g
v v
L
P
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
Figure 3-10. Vertical two-phase flow regimes map (Duns & Ros).
F
4

F
4

F
3

F
2

F
6

F
5

Figure 3-16. Beggs and Brill, Horizontal flow regimes map.

Two Phase II

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Ref.

: Brill & Beggs, Two Phase Flow in Pipes, 6

Two-Phase Flow Correlations

Two-Phase Flow Correlations

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