You are on page 1of 23

FUTURISM

Movement in 20th Century, art that represented the revolutionary effort of young Italian Concrete, steel and glass Advocators: Jim Slade and Robert Colley. an architects. The architecture of reinforced concrete iron and glass. Calculation of audacity and simplicity Capable of expressing tangible miracles. Inspired by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. Examples:

Victorian Library
Concrete, steel and glass Advocators: Jim Slade and Robert Colley.

Royale Mint Hotel

Concrete & glass materials.


Advocators: Gibson More,John Waye & Rob Dale.

Marinetti was born in Alexandria, Egypt, and was educated there and in Paris, Padua, and Genoa, receiving a law degree from the University of Genoa in 1899. Manifeste du Futurisme (Manifesto of Futurism, 1909)
The Grand Hunt

Carolina Gallery
Palette of gleaming white ceramic tile Glass columns Curtain walls Exposed reinforced concrete Advocators: Jerry Wahl, Barry Irvings & Mac Leweys

United Airlines Terminal


Colored ceramic coating Frit - used on to surface of skylight glazing to create glass that decorative diffuse daylight to reduce glare. Advocators: Donald Koster and Peter Mcquillin.

The Grand Hunt (early 4th century), a detail of which is shown here, is a large floor mosaic found in the villa at Piazza Armerina, Sicily. The mosaics, covering a total of 651 sq m (7,000 sq ft), depict various scenes from life in the late Roman Empire. This mosaic is an example of opus vermiculatum, in which particularly small tesserae are used.

FUNCTIONALISM & DE STIJL


Cubist style developed in Germany and Austria (1900s).

DE STIJL
the style Founded in 1917 Believed in the application of GEOMETRIC ABSTRACTIONS Pure color and form

Doesburg, Theo van (1883-1931), Dutch painter, who was a leading advocate of Neo-Plasticism, a movement created by Piet Mondrian in the Netherlands. He was one of the founders (1917) of De Stijl magazine, which promoted the Neo-Plasticist ideals of radical simplification based on the use of straight lines, right angles, and flat planes. Through speeches and articles, Doesburg spread NeoPlastic ideas to the Bauhaus school, where they influenced the course of mid-20th-century architecture.

Piet Mondrain Born in Amersfoort, the Netherlands, on March 7, 1872 Earliest to exploit the potential of Geometric Abstraction Images.
Composition with Red, Yellow and Blue (c. 1939-1942) by Piet Mondrian is

Rietveld, Gerrit Thomas (1888-1964), Dutch architect and furniture designer, whose work is among the best associated with the movement called de Stijl
Red-Blue Chair by Rietveld Dutch architect and designer Gerrit Rietveld was part of the movement known as de Stijl. Rietvelds red-blue chair, designed in 1918, combines primary colours with geometric shapes.

based on the artist's precept that painting should consist only of flat planes and straight lines, and be limited to primary colours, with black, white, and grey. This formed the basis of Neo-Plasticism, a style of geometrical abstraction created by Mondrian.

Oud, Jacobus Johannes Pieter (1890-1963), Dutch architect, who was one of the early practitioners of the International Style in Europe. Advocating simplicity, purity, and rationality, he produced sober designs characterized by flat horizontal facades, wraparound corners, and crisply right-angled outlines. As city architect of Rotterdam from 1918 to 1927, he designed large workers' housing projects in reinforced concrete.

FUNCTIONALISM
FUNCTIONALISM
Form follows function - Deals with the development of plan arrangement to its form composition.
The Bauhaus, built in 1925 following the plans of Walter Gropius, housed the college of architecture where such painters as Gropius himself, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Paul Klee and Wassily Kandinsky taught. The college, deemed to be decadent by the Nazis, was closed in 1933 and most of its painters and architects went into exile.

CHARACTERISTICS: Devoid of ornamentation Symmetrical/Assymetrical plans Overlapping & intersecting 2-dimensional planes that enclose 3-dimensional space. Pure color like white & grey of exterior walls. Distribution of wall to window space is approximately equal.

Bauhaus Museum, Berlin Walter Gropius brought an analytical and intellectual approach to architecture, not only in large-scale public buildings such as the Bauhaus Museum in Berlin, shown here, but also in housing schemes for the working-class sector of society. He believed that the use of materials (glass, steel, and concrete) should be logical and that the design of a building should be closely allied to its function.

INTERNATIONAL STYLE

Tremaine House, Santa Barbara


Clean lines, produced by the integrated use of concrete and large expanses of glass, give Tremaine House an elegant simplicity, while the overhanging roof and patio create a link between the building and its natural surroundings. Designed in 1947-1948, it is one of several houses that Richard Neutra built in the United States. It is an outstanding example of the International Style, which Neutra introduced to the US.

UTILITARIANISM-CONSTRUCTIVISM
UTILITARIANISM
Sought for solutions for alternative cheap forms of construction in timber, brick & metal. Initiated by British (pre-fab. Architecture) A design of something Auspicious. Other definitions: Refers to low-cost housing Pre-Fabricated unit EXAMPLE:

CONSTRUCTIVISM
Non-representational style of art w/c uses modern industrial materials: plastic & glass. Ideal abstract art movement arose in Europe & Russia (1913-1920) Based on the idea: Art is an absolute entity, whose origin lie in the mind & whose forms are unrelated to objects of visible world. Concept of art: includes painting & sculpture.

Nakagin Capsule
Ginza Tokyo Nakagin Capsule Tower Building - Made of capsule Blocks - Like toy brick stacked together - Contains living units w/ bed, T&B etc. - One man unit

Malevich Kasimir Russian painter Key figure in the development of abstract art.
Earliest work shows the influence of Neo-Impressionism and Fauvism, and later of Cubism, distinguished by a great clarity of line.

Examples:

Woman in a basket Gabo, Naum (1890-1977),


American sculptor of Russian birth One of the leading practitioners of 20th-century Constructivism. Born in Briansk

Example:

Serpuchov Radio Station


Model for Column

This Constructivist piece by Naum Gabo is a model for a larger sculpture, called Column, which he completed in 1923. Abstract and geometric forms, and the use of transparent glass and plastic, wer central to Constructivist sculpture. The model is part of the collection of the Tate Gallery, London.

NEO-EXPRESSIONISM
Out view in w/c the major activities or environmental factor was employed in the structure in a non-intellectual manner. CHARACTERISTICS: Continuity of forms rather than proportionality and geometric terms/means. Tendency to avoid rectangular forms. Tends to individual sensibility. SYMBOLISM has to be explained and understand by the expectator from his knowledge of the cultural context. EXPRESSIONISM the architect tries to covey his message to non-intellectual level. EXAMPLES:

Ingals Hockey Rink (Yale University) T.W.A. Terminal at Kenndy, N.Y. Dulles International Airport, Washignton D.C. Eero Saarinen

Marcel Breuer Italian architect Member of Bauhaus Popularized the Tubular steel cantilever chair.
Side Chair by Marcel Breuer The cantilevered chair, resting on two front legs that extend backwards, was developed mainly by Marcel Breuer c. 1928. The metal-bending techniques developed at the Bauhaus in Germany facilitated the design, a prime example of Functionalism. This side chair is made of aluminium and painted wood.

PHILOSOPHIES: Nature & architecture are two different things. A building has a straight geometrical lines even when these lines are free, it must always be evident that they have been studied, and that they nit spring up spontaneously.

Mackintosh, Charles Rennie (1868-1928), Scottish architect and designer, whose chaste, functional style exerted a strong influence on 20th-century architecture and interior design.
Table by Charles Rennie Mackintosh The simple lines and geometrical character of this table, which Charles Rennie Mackintosh designed in 1918, are typical of his designs for furniture. It is made of stained pine with motherof-pearl inlay.

Wagner, Otto (1841-1918) Austrian architect, leader of the Viennese architectural revival of the late 19th century.

Karlsplatz Station by Wagner Karlsplatz station, built in Vienna, Austria in 1898, illustrates architect Otto Wagners early use of wrought iron and ceramic as decorative elements. His later work was more austere and evolved through his followers into the International Style.

Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig (1886-1969), German-American architect, the leading and most influential exponent of the glass and steel architecture of the 20th-century International Style. Skin and bone construction.

PHILOSOPHIES:

Less is more

Seagram Building, New York Mies van der Rohe designed several high-rise buildings in the United States, after his arrival there in 1937. The Seagram Building, in New York, which he designed with Philip Cortelyou and which was completed in 1958, is conceived as a steel framework with a glass, bronze, and marble exterior. Ostensibly a severely practical building, it is nevertheless elegant and precise. It is a prime example of the International Style, of which Mies was the acknowledged leader.

Johnson, Philip C(ortelyou) (1906- ) American architect, born in Cleveland, Ohio, and educated at Harvard University in the classics and later in architecture The architect who equated with an exhibition of modern architecture (1932) Invented the International Style Father figure of Post Modernism.

Skyscraper, New York Like other buildings designed by the American architect Philip Johnson, the AT&T building (1984), above, strongly influenced the rise of Post-Modern architecture. Key elements include such devices as stylistic allusion, achieved by the use of Renaissance detail and the Neo-Classical broken pediment that tops the building.

INTERNATIONAL STYLE Volume rather than mass. Regularity rather than axial symmetry

Prescribing arbitrarily applied decorations.


BOOKS: Modern Architects N.Y. International Style, N.Y., 1932 Machine Art, 1943 Mies Van Der Rohe N.Y., 1947 Philip Johnson: Writings, 1978 Selected Writings Tokyo, 1975

WORKS:

Glass hose, Connecticut Seagram Building, N.Y. (w/Mies Van Der Rohe) Theatre of the Dance, Lincoln Center Williams Proctor Museum, N.Y. Art Gallery for the University of Nebraska Ammon Corter Museum, Texas AT&T Building N.Y.

Le Corbusier professional name of Charles douard Jeanneret (18871965), Swiss-French architect, painter, and writer, who had a major effect on the development of modern architecture.

PHILOSOPHY:

The house is a machine to live in.

WORKS: Palace of the League of Nations, Geneva (1927-1928) The Swiss Building at the Cit Universitaire, Paris (1931-1932); Unit d'Habitation (1946-1952)

an apartment house in Marseille, France;


Notre Dame du Haut (1950-1955) a pilgrimage church in Ronchamp, France High Court Buildings (1952-1956) Chandgarh, India

Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamp Le Corbusier designed the pilgrimage church of Notre Dame du Haut in 1950. This building, one of the most unusual churches in France, is a synthesis of architecture and sculpture. The frame of the structure is steel and metal mesh, over which concrete was sprayed.

Kahn, Louis I(sadore) (1901-1974), American architect and teacher, whose original, powerful designs in brick and concrete won him a prominent place in 20th-century architecture. Highly ordered sequence of space & noble structural systems.

PHILOSOPHY:

Searching for a materials want to be.


WORKS: Yale Art Gallery w/ Douglas Orr Alfred Newton Richards Medical Center

Perret, Auguste (1874-1954) French architect, one of the most important pioneers of the modern French style. Advocator of reinforced concrete architecture.

French Legation, Istanbul Theatre Des Champs, Lysees - redesigning, original by Van del Velde Notre Dame Church, Paris Palace of the League of Nations, Geneva Eiffel Monument, Paris Palace of the Soviets, Moscow

THEORIES:

The truth is indispensable in architecture & every architecture lie courrupts. Any project is bad if it is more difficult or more complicated to construct the necessary. The Temple Tower 1889, Exposition Universale in Paris

WORKS:

The Apartment Building Rue Franklin


Perrets Rue Franklin Building In the early 1900s, French architect Auguste Perret pioneered the use of reinforced concrete as a building material; his apartment building in the Rue Franklin was the first residence built of concrete in France. Perret was responsible for much of the rebuilding of Paris after World War II.

Wright, Frank Lloyd (1867-1959) American architect, who was a pioneer of the modern style. He is considered one of the greatest figures in 20thcentury architecture.

Hills/DeCaro House, Chicago Frank Lloyd Wright, a pioneer of modern architecture, lived and worked in the Chicago area during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He designed many single-family houses, known as prairie houses. The Hills/DeCaro house in Oak Park, west of Chicago, is one of more than 20 houses Wright designed while living in the town between 1890 and 1910.

Fallingwater, Pennsylvania

Frank Lloyd Wright designed Fallingwater, in Bear Run, for the Kaufmann family in 1937. This view shows the section of the house that extends over a natural waterfall, a device according with Wrights belief that a buildings form should be determined by its environment. Contrasts in the textures and colours of natural stone, concrete, and painted metal on the buildings exterior are characteristic of Wrights innovative style. Guggenheim Museum, New York The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, commissioned as a gallery of modern art and built 1956-1959, is one of Frank Lloyd Wrights most important buildings. The spiralling structure on the right is a grand exhibition hall illuminated by a large skylight; it has no separate floor levels, the spiral ramp within creating a continuous space. A new section (left) was added in 1992.

Saarinen, Eero (1910-1961), Finnish-American architect and designer, son of Eliel Saarinen and one of the leading architects of the mid-20th century. PHILOSOPHIES: Function influences but does not dictate form. Spiritual function is inseparable from practical function. Architecture is not just to fulfill mans belief in the

BOOKS: Eero Saarinen in His Work, New Haven

Connecticut; 1968

nobility of his exsistence on earth.

WORKS: Saint Louis Jefferson National Expansion Memorial The General Motors Technical Center, Warren

Michigan:1948-1956 Air Force Acadaemy U.S. Embassy in London The Chapel & Kresge Auditorium, Massachussetts Institute of Technology T.W.A. Terminal, Kennedy Terminal, N.Y.
- In a for m of bird about to fly.

Gateway Arch, St Louis Simple, elegant, and imposing, Gateway Arch, designed by Eero Saarinen, dominates the skyline of the city of St Louis, Missouri. The arch, made of stainless steel and rising to a height of 192 m (630 ft), is topped by an observation deck. It was built to commemorate the role of St Louis as gateway to the American West.

T.J. Watson Research Center, York Town, N.Y. The Chapel of Concordia Senior College. Gateway Arch, St. Louis

Saarinen, (Gottlieb) Eliel (1873-1950) Finnish-American architect, who strongly influenced modern architecture. Popular w/ railway station designs especially in Europe. 2nd place in the Chicago Tribune Tower PHILOSOPHY: Beauty grows from the necessity not from repetition of

Helsinki Central Railway Station Finnish-American architect Eliel Saarinen used his trademark, bold lines and shapes, to create the Helsinki Central Railway Station in Helsinki, Finland. It was constructed between 1904 and 1914.

formulas.

WORKS: Cranbook School, Michigan Christ Church, Minneapolis Helsinki Railroad Station, Finland National Museum Finland BOOKS: Munksnas-Naga, 1915 The City: Its growth, its decay, its future, N.Y., 1943 Search for Form: A fundamental Approach to Art The Cranbook Development, Michigan, 1931

Saarinens Giant Statues These bold statues flank the entrance to Finnish-American architect Eliel Saarinens Helsinki Central Railway Station in Finland, completed in 1914. Saarinen focused on clean lines and proportional masses combined with bold shapes and a sensitive use of materials. He was the father of Eero Saarinen, another influential architect of the mid-20th century.

Nervi, Pier Luigi (1891-1979) Italian architect and engineer, whose technical innovations, particularly in the use of reinforced concrete, made possible aesthetically pleasing solutions to difficult structural problems. Discovered ferro-cemento

BOOKS: Concrete & Structural Form, London: 1955 Structure, New York: 1956

- consist of layers of fine steel mesh sprayed w/ cement mortar & it could be used either for shell construction or for heavier units w/ reinforcing rods inserted between the layers of mortar & mesh.
WORKS: Municipal Stadium Florence Fiat Factory, Turin Italian Embassy, Brazilia Papal Audience Hall, Vatican City Australian Embassy, Paris
Nervi Station, Italy Italian architect Pier Nervi created designs with great visual appeal. He used reinforced concrete to create large interior spaces, such as in the Nervi Station in Italy.

Venturi, Robert Charles (1925- ) American architect and teacher, one of the most influential architectural theorists of the late 20th century.

BOOKS: Complexity & Contradiction in Architecture N.Y.

PHILOSOPHIES:

1966 Learning from Las Vegas, Massachusset 1972 & 1977

We promote an architecture responsive to the complexities and contradictions of the modern experience. The particularities of context, the varieties of the users taste; Culture & the symbolic & decorative dictates of the program.
Less is Bore More is More Modern movement was almost right Walker & Dunlop Office Building Transportation Square, Washington Master Plan & Uraban Design of California City Convention Center, Conversion plan Canada West Mount Airy Clustered Housing Plan Philadelphia
Vanna Venturi House
American architect Robert Venturi designed the Vanna Venturi House (1959-1963), located in Chestnut Hill, Pennsylvania, for his mother. Venturis architectural theories for this and other buildings he designed in the 1960s led to the development of postmodernism in architecture during the 1970s. His theories advocate the use of historical allusion and symbolism, rejecting the perceived sterility of orthodox modern buildings. His architectural firm designed many of the most influential buildings of the 1970s and 1980s.

WORKS:

Kenzo Tange (1913- ) Japanese architect, the most prominent modern architect of the country. In his designs for public buildings, has reconciled 20th-century Western styles and materials with traditional Japanese forms. Furyu
Anti realist attitude, anti action element in the Japanese life.

ACHIEVEMENTS: Winning on the International Planning Competition of Skopje, Yugoslavia Appointed Master planner of the International Exhibition of 1970, Osaka

PHILOSOPHIES:

Modern Architecture need not be Western. The city must be subjected to growth, decay and renewal.
Peace Museum, Hiroshima The Peace Museum, designed by Tange Kenzo, stands on the site of the epicentre of the atomic explosion that destroyed Hiroshima in 1945. Tange has designed many public buildings in Japan, often, as here, using prestressed concrete rather than large expanses of glass and steel, which are unsuitable in a country vulnerable to earthquakes. "

Inside a Pyramid The burial chambers inside the Egyptian pyramids held the sarcophagus of the pharaoh and the rich grave goods with which he was provided for the afterlife. These chambers were located at the end of long corridors that could be sealed, or constructed in such a way as to confuse grave robbers. This cross-section of the Great Pyramid at Giza shows the internal arrangement of passageways and burial chambers.

EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
Step Pyramid, Saqqara

The step pyramid of King Zoser, 3rd dynasty, Egypt, was built about 2737-2717 BC at Saqqara, necropolis of the capital, Memphis. It was designed by Imhotep, the first known Egyptian architect, who was later deified by the Egyptians. The pyramid, built of local limestone and rising to a height of 61 m (200 ft), was the first monumental royal tomb and is one of the oldest stone structures in Egypt.

Great Temple of Abydos Built on the banks of the River Nile, the city of Abydos was the burial place of most Egyptian kings from 3100 to 2755 BC. Shown here is the Great Temple of Abydos, constructed during the reign of Seti I, from 1291 to 1279 BC.

Pyramid of Khafre, Giza The pyramids at Giza in Egypt are among the most famous pieces of architecture in the world. The Pyramid of Khafre, which rises to a height of about 136 m (446 ft), was built as the final resting place of the pharaoh Khafre in about 2530 BC. Remains of the original limestone casing are visible at the top of the pyramid.

Great Sphinx, Giza


The Great Sphinx at Giza was built on the orders of the pharaoh Khafre in the 3rd millennium BC. In ancient Egypt, the sphinx was the symbol of royal power, and this statue was probably intended to be a portrait of Khafre. The Great Pyramid of Khufu is seen to the right of the Sphinx, and the Pyramid of Khafre to the left.

Sculpture of Khafre This sculpture depicts an idealized representation of Khafre, the fourth Egyptian king of the 4th dynasty. Khafre was king from about 2603 BC. to 2578 BC. and built the second of the three pyramids at Giza.

CHINESE ARCHITECTURE
Tiger Hill Pagoda, China A pagoda is a tower usually found in Buddhist temple enclosures in East and South-East Asia, and typically having several storeys each with an elaborate roof or balcony. It is derived from the stupa and functions as a shrine, memorial, and tomb. Tiger Hill Pagoda, in Suzhou, dates from the 10th century and stands 47.5 m (155 ft) high.

Altar of Heaven, Beijing The Altar of Heaven is part of the Temple of Heaven, or Tian Tan, built during the Ming dynasty in Beijing, China. It is located in Tian Tan Park in the Old City section of Beijing. The 15th-century structure, with its red walls and gold detailing, is typical of the architecture of the Ming dynasty.

ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

Minaret of the Great Mosque at Samarra This spiral minaret, where the muezzin once called the faithful to prayer, is the only surviving feature of the Great Mosque at Samarra, Iraq. At the time of its construction (848-852), the Great Mosque at Samarra was the largest Islamic mosque in the world. .

Chartres Cathedral (ABOVE)

Chartres Cathedral, in northern France, is one of the most celebrated Gothic cathedrals in the world. It is particularly notable for its sculptural decoration and stained-glass windows. The cathedral was begun in 1194 and completed about 60 years later. Patio of the Myrtles, Granada (RIGHT)
The Alhambra complex, in the southern Spanish city of Granada, is the most famous example of Moorish architecture in Spain. In the foreground can be seen the Arrayanes patio, with the two myrtle hedges flanking the pool. Reflections of the pillars of the room known as the Barca and the monumental tower of Comares can be seen in the pools waters. Canterbury Cathedra(LEFT) Canterbury Cathedral, one of the most illustrious examples of Gothic architecture in Britain, holding the shrine of St Thomas Becket, is also the administrative centre of the Church of England. The Archbishop of Canterbury is Primate of All England, and effectively the foremost prelate of the Anglican Communion. The ecclesiastical structure of the Church of England, combined with its broadly Protestant theology, is one of its most distinctive characteristics.

You might also like