Archt. Maundelito S.

Florendo, UAP the Brown Bauhaus

References:

Wikipedia Lawphil House of Representative

DEFINITIONS
Estimates is a logical and sensible assumptions of the quantities, qualities, values, or degrees of a set of subjects. Cost Estimation Models are mathematical algorithms used to estimate the costs of a product or a project.

TYPES OF ESTIMATION
Cost Estimates is concerned with knowing the probable total cost of a project. Quantity Survey is a preliminary estimation technique that aims to establish the quantity of each material for a project, not yet considering their cost. Productivity Estimates is concerned with the determination of probable cost of labor by logical assumptions of the productivity of the workers.

TYPES OF ESTIMATION
Bill of Materials is a list of materials needed for a project. It usually presents the probable cost for each item. Value Engineering is a review of the plan and design of a project so as to coordinate with the sizes and specifications of construction materials. Its aim is to avoid wastage and maximize the use of each material. Value Engineering is also concerned with other items that may reduce the cost of a construction project or speed-up the project construction.

TYPES OF ESTIMATION
Detailed Estimate is an estimate that breaks the subject down into as many items or components possible. Each component are often described with specifications. Rough Estimate is an estimate that is computed in general and vague. It is often an assumption by area, volume, or bulk. Lump Sum is an assumption of the totality of an item without consideration of its specific components .

BASIC STEPS IN DETAILED ESTIMATION

1. Classify the general parts of the project into categories. 2. Break down each category into as many parts, works, or materials possible. 3. Write down the specifications for each material or component. 4. Use the round-up method for inexact figures. 5. Provide allowances for breakage, wastage, or slack. 6. Compute the materials, labor, and equipment separately. Avoid computing by percentage of each other. Remember that cost of labor vary significantly from the type of work to be done. 7. Consider the rental of equipment. 8. Consider all other non-salient components and do not simply rely on the item - over-head cost. 9. Unless otherwise instructed, not forget to include contingency costs, profit, VAT, and professional and other fees.

TECHNIQUES IN DETAILED ESTIMATION

1. Avoid constant rounding-up. A part of one bulk of materials can complete the lacking part of another. Allowances can be considered after all similar items are computed.

2
3 Computation:
2 + 3 + 1 = 7 + allowance

1 1/4

instead of 2 [3] + 3 [4] + 1 [2] = 9 + allowance

TECHNIQUES IN DETAILED ESTIMATION

2. In computing the components of frames like wood nailers or studs, round-up then add one (1).

Length to be framed = 3.00 meters Space between nailers = 0.40 meter

Computation: 3.00m [divided by] 0.40m = 7.50 [round-up to] 8 [plus] 1 = 9 pcs.

3. In determining the space between frame components (nailers), consider the dimension of the covering material (ceiling) to avoid too much wastage. Ex. If the dimension of the covering material is 1.20m, spacing can be 0.60m, 0.40m, or 0.30m.

TECHNIQUES IN DETAILED ESTIMATION

4. In estimating the reinforcing bars, consider the anchorage and bends.

TECHNIQUES IN DETAILED ESTIMATION

5. Put in to mind the gradual changes in the spacing of ties and stirrups.