Wind Loading

Background Standards Design

Wind Loading

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Wind Loading

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Wind Loading

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Wind Loading
CP3: Chapter V: Part 2 Code of basic data for the design of buildings

Chapter V . Loadings Part 2. Wind loads

BS 6399-2:1997 Loadings for buildings Part2: Code of practice

for wind loads

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Wind Loading - CP3

Wind Speed - 3 second gust Exposure Open Country Open Country, scattered wind breaks Small towns, outskirts of cities City centres

Building Height
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Wind Loading - BS6399

Wind Speed - hourly mean Height above sea level Distance from sea Exposure Town Country

Building height
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Wind Loading - BS6399

Standard Method Directional Method

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Wind Loading - BS6399

Site Wind Speed

Vs = Vb x Sa x Sd x Ss x Sp
Vb Basic wind speed Sa Altitude factor Sd Direction factor Ss Seasonal factor

Sp Probability factor
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Wind Loading - BS6399

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Wind Loading - BS6399

Altitude factor

Sa = 1+ 0.001x Height above sea level If topography not significant

As a generalisation any building more than half-way up

a hill, or an on a ridge or cliff will have increase wind loading and a more detailed calculation of Sa will be required

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Wind Loading - BS6399

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Wind Loading - BS6399

Sd Direction factor

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Wind Loading - BS6399

Ss Seasonal factor = 1 Sp Probability factor = 1

1 in 50 years storm

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Example calculation
Vs = Vb x Sa x Sd x Ss x Sp Sa =1.005 Sd =1 Ss = 1 Sp = 1 Vs = 16.63 x 1.01 x 1 x 1 x1 = 16.80 m/s

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Wind Loading - BS6399

Effective wind speed

Ve = Vs x Sb

Sb = Terrain & Building Factor

Site in town or country
Distance from the sea

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Wind Loading - BS6399

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Example calculation

Building size: H = 26.2 m

L = 44.3 m
Ve = Vs x Sb Sb = 1.97 for distance 30 km from sea and He = 26.2 m

Ve = Vs x Sb = 16.80 x 1.932 = 32.5 m/s

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Wind Loading - BS6399

Dynamic Pressure

qs = 0.613 x Ve2 qs = 0.613 x (32.5)2 = 647.5 N/m2 = 0.65 kN/m2

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Wind Loading - BS6399

Pressure to structure External pressure

pe = qs x Cpe x Ca Cpe is the external pressure coefficient Ca is the size effect factor = 1

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Wind Loading - BS6399

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Wind Loading - BS6399

Internal pressure

pi = qs x Cpi x Ca Cpi is the internal pressure coefficient

Ca is the size effect factor = 1

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Wind Loading - BS6399

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Wind Loading - BS6399

Wind Loads

p = pe - pi

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Wind Loading - BS6399

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Wind Loading - BS6399

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Wind Loading - BS6399

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Wind Loading - BS6399

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Wind Loading - BS6399

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Malaysia Wind Map

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Wind speed gust

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*Sources of data: Razali, A.M et al, Mapping of Annual Extreme Wind Speed Analysis from 12 Stations in Peninsular Malaysia