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In the swing phase, the foot comes off the substrate and is repositioned for
the next stance phase adduction (when the leg comes forward and toward the center).
flexible lower back that permits the hips and trunk to swivel forward when walking. Because the ape lower back is less flexible, the hips must shift a greater distance forward with each step when an ape walks bipedally.
More force is exerted on the hip joint and the femoral head as