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The earth is so blessed with water resources that it is called the `WATER PLANET. But a mere 2.5% of the earth`s water is fresh Water usable by human beings; the remaining 97.5% is Sea water. Now a days due to increase in population & industries, demand of Water has been increased rapidly. Pollution is also increases. Due to lack of water resource, Human Beings find new technology, called ` Reverse Osmosis
Reverse Osmosis
Technical Presentation
Reverse Osmosis Terminology Principles of Reverse Osmosis Types of R O Membranes Membrane Configurations
Industrial process water Production of potable water Food processing Waste treatment
Osmosis
semi-permeable membrane
Dilute Solution
Concentrated Solution
The spontaneous flow of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution, when the two solutions are separated by a semipermeable membrane.
Osmotic Pressure
P
Dilute Solution
Concentrated Solution
P =
Reverse Osmosis
P
Dilute Solution
Concentrated Solution
P > Reversing osmotic flow by applying a pressure in excess of the osmotic pressure
osmosis
equilibrium P =
Agents like chlorine - Nil COD & BOD with in limit. OIL & GREACE NIL SDI LESS THAN 5. pH range 3 to 11 Turbudity less than 1 NTU
Many Dissolved Organics are weak acids. Their rate of permeation will depend not only on their molecular weight and structure but on their degree of ionization. HX H+ + X-
HCrO4H3BO3
H+ + CrO4- H+ + H2BO3-
REJECT RECOVERY = PRODUCT FLOW / FEED FLOW SALT PASSAGE = PRODUCT TDS / FEED TDS SALT REJECTION = 100 SALT PASSAGE IN %
REJECT PRESSURE
REVERSE OSMOSIS
System has divided into three parts. 1. PRE-TREATMENT 2. R.O. SYSTEM 3. POST TREATMENT
Pretreatment
Cartridge filter Dosing system De-chlorination
Cartridge filter
RO hydra block
Membrances Pressure tubes HP pumps Control pannel
Cleaning system
Filteration
Coagulation Clarification
Post treanment
Sand filter
Dechlori nation.
Anti scale
Product water
Cartridge filter
Waste brine
Block Diagram of RO
PRODUCT WATER (PERMEATE )
SALT WATER
RO System components
The basic expanded design of a single system includes the following: Raw water feed pump to supply water to the pre treatment Pre treatment system for Turbidity,TSS,Colloidal particles & Organic matter. Cartridge filter to remove micron size particle to control the SDI( Silt density index) of feed water Anti scalant dosing system. High pressure pump&feed control valve to pressurize the feed water. Membranes housed in Pressure tubes.
A A
reject control valve to control the recovery of the RO system. skid to mount to all mechanical equipment . indicators to measure permeate and reject flow
Flow
rates.
Pressure
gauges for monitoring the differential pressures across the RO feed, reject and intermediate stages.
Conductivity And
& pH meter for measuring the quality of the permeate water. other necessary instruments for monitoring easy operation and critical parameters.
A
Recovery Rate
Ratio of permeate flow to feed flow Expressed as % Recovery = (permeate flow/feed flow) * 100
Role of Pretreatment in RO
Chlorine Removal.
Carbon Filtration. Bisulfite Addition.
Role of Pretreatment in RO
Controlling Organic.
Dissolved Organic. Colloidal Orgabic.
Role of Pretreatment in RO
Silt
Density Index : It is the second parameter used to determine colloidal quantity of the RO Feed water. A test is run to determine the rate of the pluggage of a 0.45 micron filter at 30 psig for 15 minutes. This test consists of determining amount of time it takes to collect a 500 ml sample at the start of the 15 minutes test and comparing this time to the amount of time it takes to collect a 500 ml sample at the end of the 15 minutes.
Membrane Backing
O Ring
Outer Cover
Membrane Assembly
Lower Operating Pressure High Salt Rejection Available for Sea Water Stable to pH 11 Sensitive to Oxidants
Operating Parameters
Feed Pressure Concentration pH Temperature Concentration Flow Pressure Flow Pressure Concentration
Permeate
Concentrate
INSTRUMENTATION Instruments used in RO System PH Conductivity Meter Rotameter Pressure Gauges * ORP * Level Switches * Pressure Switches * Electrical Control
Fouling
There are Six main causes of membrane Fouling.
Scaling by hardness salts. Scaling by Silica. Fouling by Metal Oxides. Plugging by suspended solids. Biological Fouling.
Scaling
The deposition of sparingly soluble salts onto the membrane surface and/or the feed channel material. Scaling occurs primarily in the downstream elements because of the higher concentrations existing in this portion of the RO system. Common scalants include calcium sulfate, silica and calcium carbonate.