Network Protocols

Router

Switch

Router Router Switch Router

Router

What is an optimal route ?

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Routed Protocols
(Carriers)
Protocols used at the network layer that transfer data from one

host to another across a router are called routed or routable protocols.

The Internet Protocol (IP) and Novell's Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) are examples of routed protocols.

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Routing Protocols
Routing protocols includes processes for sharing route information & allows routers to communicate with other routers to update and maintain the routing tables Examples of routing protocols that support the IP routed protocol are: RIP, IGRP, OSPF, BGP, and EIGRP.

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Introducing Routing

Routing is the process that a router uses to forward packets toward the destination network. A router makes decisions based upon the destination IP address of a packet. All devices along the way use the destination IP address to point the packet in the correct direction. In order to make the correct decisions, routers must learn the direction to remote networks.

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Rules of Routing

All Routers Ethernet interface should be in the same Network as of their LAN Network.

Both Routers connected Serial interfaces should be in same network.

All Routers LANs should be in different Network. All Connected interfaces of Router should be in different network.

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Static Routing
It is configured manually by Administrator. It is Secure & fast. Require Destination Network ID for configuration Administrative distance for Static Route is 0 (directly connected) and 1 (Next Hop). Administrative Distance (AD) is the trustworthiness of the routing information. The administrative distance is an optional parameter that gives a measure of the reliability of the route.

Administrative Distance range is 0-255, lesser the Administrative distance,

higher the priority

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Configuring Static Routes (Outgoing Interfaces)

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Disadvantages of Static Routing

Administrative work is more. Compulsory Destination Network IDs is needed.

Used for only Small organizations.

It cannot dynamically update topology changes.

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Default Routing
A Default routing protocol is configured for unknown destinations. Default routes are used to route packets with destinations that do not match any of the other routes in the routing table.

Generally used in the internet where the destinations are

unknown. Configured at end points of the Domain Area.

This is sometimes referred to as a Quad-Zero route.

It is the last preferred routing.

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Default Routing - Network Diagram

10.0.0.1/8 S0 11.0.0.1/8 S0

CHE

E0 192.168.1.1/24

S1 10.0.0.2/8

HYD

E0 192.168.2.1/24

S1 11.0.0.2/8

BAN
E0 192.168.3.1/24

LAN - 192.168.1.0/24

LAN - 192.168.2.0/24

LAN - 192.168.3.0/24

Router(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 s0/0 Naveen Patel

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Dynamic Routing

Advertise only the directly connected networks. Updates the topology changes dynamically.

Administrative work is reduced.

Used in medium & large networks.

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Categories of Dynamic Routing Protocols

Most routing algorithms can be classified into one of two categories: Distance Vector Link-State Hybrid Protocol (Advance Distance Vector Protocol)

The Distance Vector routing approach determines the distance (Hop Count) and direction (vector) to any link in the internetwork. The Link-State approach, also called shortest path first, recreates the exact topology of the entire internetwork.

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Distance Vector Protocol

Uses Bellman-Ford algorithm. Classfull routing protocol. Full Routing tables are exchanged at every periodic Update interval. Distribution of Routing Tables (Updates) via broadcast to adjacent routers. Only one kind of metric:Number of Hops. Maximum network size is limited by the number of hops. Also known as Routing By Rumor Example: RIP-v1, IGRP.

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Link State Protocols

Uses Dijkstras algorithm. Classless routing protocol. First time full Database tables are exchanged, later only changed link state information is exchanged. Incremental Updates. Updates are sent through multicast IP address-224.0.0.5/6 Also known as Routing by Intelligence Example : OSPF, IS-IS.

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Hybrid Protocols

Uses DUAL (Diffusion Update Algorithm) Classless routing protocols Missing routes / Incremental updates are exchanged Updates are sent through multicast IP address Also known as Routing by Intelligence

Example : EIGRP, RIP-v2

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Routing Information Protocol

Open Standard Protocol

Classfull routing protocol (permits only a Single Subnet Mask) By default, routing updates are broadcast every 30 seconds using

address - 255.255.255.255
Administrative distance is 120 Hop count is used as a metric for path selection. If the hop count is greater than 15(Infinity=16),the packet will be discarded Load Balancing on 4 equal cost paths (Maximum 6 paths) Used for small networks

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Routing Loop Issues

What can cause routing loops? Routing loops can occur when there are: Incorrect or inconsistent routing updates due to slow convergence after a topology change. Incorrect or incomplete routing information . Static routes incorrectly configured with an intermediate address which does not become resolved in the routing table.

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Problem: Counting to Infinity

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Solution: Define a Maximum

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Solution: Split Horizon

Split horizons Split horizons are derived from the premise that it is usually not useful to send information about a route back in the direction from Naveen Patel which it came. Naveen Rangani

Route Poisoning

Route Poisoning Route poisoning is used by various distance vector protocols in order to overcome large routing loops and offer explicit information when a subnet or network is not accessible. This usually accomplished by setting the hop count to one more Naveenis Patel Naveen Rangani than the maximum.

Triggered Updates

A triggered update is sent immediately in response to some change in the routing table.

The router that detects a topology change immediately sends an update message to adjacent routers that, in turn, generate triggered updates notifying their adjacent neighbors of the change. When a route or link fails, an update is sent immediately rather than waiting on the update timer to expire. Triggered updates, used in conjunction with route poisoning, ensure that all routers know of failed routes before any holddown timers can expire. Naveen Patel

Holddown Timers

Holddowns Holddowns are used to prevent regular update messages from inappropriately reinstating a route that may not be up. Naveen Patel
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RIP Timers
Route update timer : Periodic routing updates, in which the router sends a complete copy of its routing table out to all neighbors (30 seconds).
Route invalid timer: Determines the length of time that must elapse before a router determines that a route has become invalid (180 seconds). Holddown timer: This sets the amount of time during which routing information is suppressed. Routes will enter into the holddown state and continues until either an update packet is received with a better metric or until the holddown timer expires (180 seconds.). Route flush timer: Sets the time between a route becoming invalid and its removal from the routing table (240 seconds).

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THE END

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