is a skilled person whose responsible for bench and field calibration of different kinds of process instruments.

Had a proven skills also in termination, troubleshooting, loop testing, precommissioning, commissioning, building automation and process equipment monitoring.

Instrument Technician must have skills and knowledge in: Bench/Field calibration of process instruments

Bending and installation of stainless/copper tubing

Leak testing of process tubing

Mounting and installation of different kinds of process instruments

Instrument Technician must have skills and knowledge in: Basic principles of process instruments and devices Basic logic symbols and schematic diagrams.

System logic testing, complex loops and interlocking system associated with the PLC.
Process instrumentation diagrams.

Instrument and accessories installation procedure.

Instrument Technician must have skills and knowledge in:

Local and DCS panels, field junction box installation procedure

Linear measurements in both English and Metric System Identification of different kinds, type and size of instrumentation materials like fittings, tubing, piping, etc.

Instrument Technician must have skills and knowledge in: Material take-off and estimate

Basic rigging installation

Proper use equipments

technique
operation

and
of

scaffolding
tools and

and

Safety practices and housekeeping

 A device used directly or indirectly to measure and/ or control a variable. The term includes primary elements, final control elements, computing devices and electrical devices such as switches and pushbuttons. a collection of instruments or their applications for the purpose of observation, measurement and control. (ISA Definition)

HISTORY OF INSTRUMENTATION
More than two centuries has already passed since Oliver Evans used feedback control to automate a Philadelphia flourmill in 1794.

ADVANTAGES OF INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL

Production & Quality wise Cost Savings

Plant Safety and Comfort

Production Inspecting and Testing Less man power/automatic

Material Savings

INSTRUMENTATION APPLICATIONS
Building automation, HVAC control Food and Beverage Glass and Ceramics Mining and metals Pulp and Paper, Textile Aerospace, Automotive and Vehicle Water and wastewater Construction and Design Chemical, Petroleum, Refineries Semiconductor Pharmaceutical and Medical Fire protection system Robotics Technology Power Plant

STANDARDS REFERENCES IN INSTRUMENTATION

ISA Instruments, Systems and Automation (formerly Instrument Society of America) ANSI American National Standards Institute SAMA Society of Apparatus Makers Association ASTM American Society for Testing Materials ISO International Organization of Standards ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers Association SI International System of Units NBS National Bureau of Standards

Instrumentation and Control effects and interaction with Science and Technology
Mathematics Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Information Technology & Computer Engineering Electronics & Communications Engineering

INSTRUMENTATION
Metallurgical & Manufacturing Engineering

AND

CONTROL
Nucleonics
Physics

Mechanical & Electrical Engineering

INSTRUMENT AND CONTROL LOOP

a group of instruments together with a process in order to measure or control a single variable.
=Four elements of Instrument Loop= 1. Process pressure, temperature, level, flow, signal instrument 2. Measuring Element Sensor, transmitter, transducers, etc.

INSTRUMENT AND CONTROL LOOP

=Four elements of Instrument Loop= 3. Receiving Element Indicators, recorders, controllers, alarms, etc.

4. Final Control Element Control valve, dampers, motor drive, relay, etc.

INSTRUMENTATION LOOP BLOCK DIAGRAM

Process A physical or chemical change of matter, or conversion of energy. Process Control technique of balancing supply and demand over a period of time at a pre-determined level of operation called set point (SP).

Process Control The controller compares the measured variable (PV)) with the set point and then makes an adjustment in the final control element based on the difference between the set point and the measured variable and this is the error signal (e).

PV - SP = e Measured Variable Setpoint = Error

SOME INSTRUMENTS USE IN PROCESS CONTROL

Gauges Valves Transmitters Switches Alarms

Recorders
Surveillance Detection

Controllers

INSTRUMENT PROCESS VARIABLES

Variable A physical quantity or property that can be measured. Also known as the measurand. 1. Pressure 2. Flow 3. Level 4. Temperature

5. Viscosity, Humidity, Specific Gravity, pH, conductivity, etc.

INSTRUMENT PROCESS VARIABLES A. Pressure

Is defined as force per unit area. It is the force exerted by an object on a certain area.

P=F/A
where, P = Pressure F = Force acting on a surface A = Unit Area of Surface 100 lbs. 1 1 inch

An object weighs 10 pounds is resting on an area of one square inch, it is exerting a pressure of 100 pounds per square inch (100 psi)

INSTRUMENT PROCESS VARIABLES

Forms of Pressure Measurement 1. Atmospheric Pressure - is the pressure caused by the weight of the atmosphere. 2. Absolute Pressure - is the total pressure exerted. It is measured with respect to a reference called absolute 0 pressure less than this (meaning a negative absolute pressure.

Absolute Pressure = Atmospheric Pressure + Gage Pressure

INSTRUMENT PROCESS VARIABLES

Forms of Pressure Measurement 3. Gage Pressure is the pressure with respect to the atmospheric pressure. It can be higher than atmospheric pressure, which makes it a positive value. Or it may be lower than the atmospheric pressure, which makes it a negative value. 4. Vacuum Pressure the negative pressure. If we call it vacuum pressure, we no longer give the value a negative sign. 5. Differential pressure the difference between two pressures.

INSTRUMENT PROCESS VARIABLES

Pressure Scales

INSTRUMENT PROCESS VARIABLES

B. Flow

movement of a liquid, a gas, or a vapor from one place to another.

C. Level
may be defined as the height or depth of a liquid or solid surface from a datum or reference point.

INSTRUMENT PROCESS VARIABLES C. Level

The level measurement can continuous or point values. be either

Continuous level sensors measure level within a specified range and are used to know the exact amount of liquid in a certain place. Point level sensors only measures a specific level, generally this is used to detect high level alarms or low level alarms.

INSTRUMENT PROCESS VARIABLES D. Temperature

It is a condition of a body, which determines the transfer of heat to and from other bodies.
It is the measure of its molecular activity. Temperature is not a measure of heat.

It is the ability to transfer heat.

SETPOINT
An input variable that sets the desired value of the controlled variable.

MANIPULATED VARIABLE
The quantity or condition that is varied as a function of the actuating error signal in order to change the value of the directly controlled variable.

CONTROLLED VARIABLE
The variable that the control system attempts to keep at the set point value. The set point may be constant or variable.

OPEN LOOP
A system in which does not use feedback.

CLOSED LOOP
A system in which the output is fed back and compared with the input.

SIGNAL
a variable that carries information about another variable it represents

IMPULSE LINE sensing line, tubing or pipe, that connects

the process to the primary measuring element of the instrument loop and is part of the process pressure boundary and containment.

IN-LINE INSTRUMENT/DEVICE instrument/device installed in the process piping

system (e.g. control thermowell, etc.) valves, orifice plates,

PROCESS AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM ( P & ID )

This is a drawing that represents the process with their corresponding instruments. A schematic illustration of functional relationship of piping, instrumentation and system equipment components. It is used to operate the process system.

SYMBOLS
A representation of an instrument valve or other process equipment often identified by letters and numbers

LOOP
A combination of two or more instruments or control functions arranged so that signals pass form one to another for the purpose of measurement and/or control of a process variable.

INSTRUMENT LOOP DRAWING

is a drawing that shows all the connections for the instruments and other devices in a complete loop, including field junction box terminals, marshalling panel terminal blocks,down to DCS panel.

INSTALLATION DETAIL
installation documentation in the form of standards, specifications, procedures, drawings, and quality inspection plans.

MATERIAL TAKE-OFF an estimate of materials showing its description or

specifications, and its quantity.

LOCAL OR FIELD-MOUNTED
The location of an instrument that is neither on a panel nor mounted in a control room. Local instruments are commonly in the vicinity of a primary element or a final control element.

PANEL / BOARD
A structure that has a group of instruments mounted on it, houses the operator-process interface, and is chosen to have a unique designation. The panel may consist of one or more sections, cubicles, consoles, or desks.

PANEL-MOUNTED
A term applied to an instrument that is mounted on a panel or console and is accessible for an operators normal use.

LOCAL PANEL
A panel that is not a central or main panel. Local panels are commonly in the vicinity of plant subsystems or sub-areas.

LINE MOUNTED INSTRUMENT

an instrument installed directly connected to the process piping system (e.g. temperature indicators, temperature elements rotary flow meter, control valves, orifice plates & flow switches).

LOCAL MOUNTED INSTRUMENT

an instrument installed locally on a wall, column, floor stand, etc. (e.g. transmitters,switches, indicators)

BEHIND THE PANEL

a term applied to a location that is within an area that contains (1) the instrument panel, (2) its associated rack-mounted hardware, or (3) is enclosed within the panel. Behind the panel devices are not accessible for the operators normal use.

CALIBRATION
A comparison of two instruments or measuring devices, one of which is a standard of known accuracy traceable to international standard, to detect, correlate or eliminate by adjustment any discrepancy in accuracy of the instrument or measuring device being compared with the standard.

BENCH CALIBRATION
Usually done in an instrument calibration van / workshop with a proper hook-up procedures and complete documentation as per manufacturers instruction manuals.

ACCURACY
The degree of conformity of an indicated value to a recognized, accepted value, or ideal value. is the ratio of the error to the full-scale output.

AS-FOUND
the initial reading/indication prior to calibration. the reference data for zero adjustment or a span adjustment .

AS-LEFT
the final data after the calibration made.

POINTER ADJUSTMENT
repositioning the pointer relative to the scale is called re-zeroing the gauge.

shall be done at the minimum scale value.

SPAN ADJUSTMENT
A potentiometer were to adjust only the span ratio expressed in percent, minimum & maximum scale of span.

HAIRSPRING ADJUSTMENT
the hairspring's function is to take up clearance in the movement and linkage. It should be adjusted with tweezers to set them perfectly level so that when wound up approx. 360., they will not distort.

LINEARITY ADJUSTMENT
when the motion of the pointer slows down or speeds up at the end of the range as the pressure is increased in uniform increments, rotary movement is rotated either downward or upward.

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
room temperature, a certain temperature within enclosed space at which human beings are accustomed,

RELATIVE HUMIDITY (RH)

is a ratio, expressed in percent (% RH), of the amount of atmospheric moisture present relative to the amount that would be present if the air is saturated.

SPAN
the difference between the upper range and lower range values expressed in the same units as the range.

OPERATING PRESSURE
the actual (positive or negative) pressure at which a device operates under normal conditions.

PINION
the center portion of pressure gauge where the pointer is attached.

WET LEG
a liquid filled sensing line in a differential pressure level measuring system.

STANCHION

a structure wherein an instrument

such as transmitter is mounted with a standad height from its base.

PIGTAIL A 270 or 360 loop in pipe or tubing to form a

trap for vapor condensate. It is used to prevent high temperature vapors form reaching the instrument.

ROOT VALVE
the first valve located in a sample line after it taps off the process. It is typically located in close proximity to the sample tap.

THERMOWELL
A pressure tight receptacle connected to a temperature sensing element and provided with external threads or other means for pressure tight attachment to a vessel.

VENT valve
use for venting excess pressure or gas trap in the process line.

DRAIN valve
use for draining excess liquid or steam accumulating in the process line or seal pots.

MILLIAMP (mA)
one thousandth of an ampere.

MILLIVOLT (mV)
one thousandth of a volt.

SEAL POT enlarge

pipe sections impulse line to provide: in measurement

a. A high area to volume displacement ratio to minimize error from hydrostatic head difference when using large volume displacement measuring elements

b. To prevent loss of seal fluid by displacement into the process.

LOCK OUT & TAG OUT (LOTO) LOCK OUT

to place a suitable padlock on an energyisolating device of a machine or on equipment to prevent un-authorised or accidental operation of the machine or equipment where work is in-progress.

Energy isolating devices includes circuit breakers, switches, valves, blocks, etc.

LOCK OUT & TAG OUT (LOTO) TAG OUT

an information or identification tag which is securely fastened to an energy-isolating device under lock-out, to indicate the identity of the person and nature of work conducted on the said equipment or device.