Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

ANIMATED ILLUSTRATIONS
MS Powerpoint Presentation Files

Uses Animation Schemes

as available in MS XP or MS 2003 versions A class room educational material

File-5 NMR Spectrometer: Instrumentation

http://ugc-inno-nehu.com/links_from_web.html

Pulse widths could be 10-2 s

100 MHz Electro-

cosine

Sine

arbitrary phae sinuous

Magnet Current source

Supercon magnet systems above 100MHz up to 900MHz as known currently

Z-direction
Superconduc ting current carrying coils

magnet/Permanent magnet Systems Z-direction

CW RF Oscillator
mw power

CW Mode Pulsed of Mode of detection

Detection

RF Crystal Detector

Pulsed RF Transmitter

Display/Record

Signal generation

Probe with sample coil and sample in Magnetic Field

High gain RF receiver/detector

Signal receiving and detection

Time domain signal to computer for FFT Display monitor/Plotter

Flowing Current and Induced Magnetic Fields in a Solenoid

Electrons (Blue Circles) Move and the Conventional Current Flows in the Opposite direction.
The MOTION of the (red) isolated (?) northpoles indicate the induced field distributions and in reality there are no lines existing for the LINES of FORCES (as drawn in the previous slide. It is a virtual line and LOCUS of the point North pole.)

PEAK to PEAK PULSE Amplitude

PULSE WIDTH

1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 -0.50 -1.00 -1.50

0.0 5.0
cosine

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

Exponenetial

product(cos*exp)=fid

Free Induction Digitized

Received Analog Signal

Analog to Digital Converter

Digitized Signal

ADC

FID analog signal

FID digitized points

All the signal shapes have been calculated in MS EXCEL In practice FFT program calculates Frequency domain spectra from the time domain signal

Integration FID
Time Domain Signal

FT Imag.

FT Real Pulsed detection mode Frequency Domain Spectra after FT Similar to the CW mode Spectra

Power Amplifier
Rectangular RF Pulse

HR NMR in Liquids 100W NMR of Solids 3KW PP Matched 50 High Power RF Pulses to Probe

Sample coil in the Probe with sample

FID

Spectrum to display monitor/Plotter

CW RF Source

Gate
DC Pulse

Low noise RF Preamplifier

High Gain Signal Amplifier computer [FFT]
Time Domain signal

Pulse Programmer
Reference Signal

Phase Sensitive Detector

ADC

Transmitter

Receiver

Sample tube with sample

Basic Probe unit is a Resonance Circuit with tunable split capacitors configuration for matching.

RF Source

(sweep generator)

High-Power pulse RF Bridge transmitter (Hybrid Junction)

RF Signal receiverReceiver detector

Pulsed RF mode 50 CW Mode

off time CW Mode

Low noise pre-amplifier /high gain Scope receiver/PSD/ Digital computer/Plo tter

Probe & sample

Transmitter ON time Receiver OFF time
Crossed Diodes

3 2 4 1 5

Receiver

Receiver Silent or dead time

After the RF pulse, the FID is the impulse response from the sample spin system. The pulsing and FID can be repeated and added to acquire the averaged signal for better signal to noise ratio

DATA acquisition starts at this time

Signal level

exp1.9

exp2.8

exp5.8

exp8

exp12

Long T2 Short T2
exp1.9 exp12

Achieving a Sharp signal Level depends on the homogeneity of the magnetic filed: Shimmimng the magnetic field using gradient correction coils and sample spinning are the provisions in the spectrometer system for improving the homogeneity

Noise

OH-CH2-CH3
HR PMR ch3ch2oh 5

Acidic medium: spin coupling for OH protons do not show up

3.61 ppm
Intensity/Amplitude
4 3 2 1

C H3

5.24 ppm
OH

C H2

1.13 ppm 0

TMS = 0 ppm

0
348 323 298 273 248 223 198 173 148 123 98 73 48 23

Moderate Resolution HR PMR Spectrum

frequency from TMS HR PMR ch3ch2oh

= 1.13 ppm

This calculated and simulated [60 MHz] spectrum has the chemical shift and frequency values as obtained from a real NMR spectrum of alcohol. The above figure plotted using MS Excel application and line drawing from MS WORD drawing tools. High Resolution spectrum as shown above would be possible with good homogeneity of the magnetic field.

In the Pulsed Field Gradient PFG and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The inherent unwanted and incidental inhomogeneities are reduced by Shimming and sample spinning

MRI techniques calculated field

gradient are externally superposed. NMR frequency will vary linearly along the 3 lines length. inside 6 lines inside

Along the length same nmr frequency for the sample

Equal number of lines pass through fixed area of cross section along the length

Linear Field Gradient along z-axis.