Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Nature of Disease
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a
highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals. The disease is characterized by the formation of vesicles (fluid-filled blisters) and erosions in the mouth, nose, teats and feet
Etiology
The FMD virus (FMDV) is a member of the
genus Aphthovirus in the family Picornaviridae There are seven serotypes of FMDV: A, O, C, Asia 1, and Southern African Territories (SAT) 1, 2 and 3. Within these serotypes, over 60 subtypes have been described.
F.M.D.Virus
F.M.D virus
F.M.D. virus
Classification
OIE List A disease
Susceptible species
Cloven-hoofed animals (ungulates) are
susceptible to FMD. Of the domestic species, cattle, buffaloes, pigs, sheep, goats and deer are susceptible. Horses are not affected.
Pathogenesis
Clinical sign
FMD should be suspected wherever
vesicles are seen in cloven-hoofed animals. Vesicles begin as mall white fluid filled areas that quickly grow to a blister about 3 cm in diameter. Two or more blisters may join to form a large one.
animals salivation fever loss of appetite in dairy cattle, a sudden drop in milk yield
In Cattle
dullness, poor appetite, fever. Salivation and
lameness may be seen. Vesicles appear inside the mouth on the tongue, cheeks and gums, lips and palate. Vesicle may form between the claws of the feet and along the coronary band. There may also appear on the teats and udder reduced lactation, mastitis and abortion are common. Mortality in adults is usually very low. However, up to 50% of calves can dies due to cardiac involvement,
lesions. Affected sheep are depressed and reluctant to stand. Some animals may get a sudden lameness. Vesicles form around the top of the foot and between the claws. Lesions may develop on the tongue and dental pad, but can be hard to detect.
Post mortem
In addition to the lesions described
above, vesicles may also be present in the rumen. In young animals there is focal necrosis of cardiac muscle.
Differential Diagnosis
other vesicular diseases (swine vesicular
disease, vesicular exanthema, vesicular stomatitis) infectious bovine rhinotracheitis rinderpest bluetongue bovine papular stomatitis mucosal disease peste des petits ruminants Foot Rot
vesicular fluid epithelium, esophagealpharyngeal fluid and whole blood From dead animals tissue specimens . should be taken lymph nodes, thyroid, adrenal, kidney, spleen and heart.
For serology
Blood collected in plain tubes and the
sera separated.
For histopathology
Samples of lesion tissue, rumen pillae
Transmission
FMD is one of the most contagious
diseases of animals. Animals can become infected through inhalation, ingestion and through reproduction. The primary mechanism of spread within herds is by direct contact, through inhalation of virus aerosols.
Control
To eradicate the disease a stamping
out policy can be applied. This involves quarantine, movement restrictions and slaughter and disposal of all affected an in-contact livestock on affected premises followed by cleaning and disinfection.