L.E. COLLEGE, MORVI. M.E.

(WRM)

LITERATUREREVIEW DISSERTATION LITERATURE REVIEW..

PRESENTED BY:
RAVI GURNANI 100310733002 III SEM M.E. (WRM)
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Desalination of Saline land by Utilization of Surface Run-off water In Rann of kutch

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Facts about Kutch Facts about rivers of Kutch Necessity of proposal Works to be carried out

Kutch district is surrounded by the Gulf of Kutch and the Arabian Sea in south and west, while northern and eastern parts are surrounded by the Great and Small Rann (seasonal wetlands) of Kutch. When there were not many dams built on its rivers, the Rann of Kutch remained wetlands for a large part of the year. The Great Rann of Kutch, along with the Little Rann of Kutch and the Banni grasslands on its southern edge, is situated in the district of Kutch and comprises some 30,000 square kilometres (10,000 sq mi) between the Gulf of Kutch and the mouth of the Indus River in southern Pakistan. The marsh can be accessed from the village of Kharaghoda in Surendranagar District. The Rann is famous for its marshy salt flats which become snow white after the shallow water dries up each season before the monsoon rains.

Facts about Kutch

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Little Rann And Great Rann Of Kutch

In India's summer monsoon, the flat desert of salty clay and mudflats, averaging 15 meters above sea level, fills with standing waters, interspersed with sandy islets of thorny scrub, breeding grounds for some of the largest flocks of Greater and Lesser Flamingoes, and is a wildlife sanctuary. At its greatest extent, the Gulf of Kutch on the west and the Gulf of Cambay on the east are both united during the monsoon There are no perennial rivers in Kutch , all the seasonal rivers emerges from the mountain range of Kutch and ends up to the sea.

Facts about Kutch

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VARIOUS RIVERS OF KUTCH

The Ghaggar River, which presently empties into the desert of northern Rajasthan, formerly emptied into the Rann of Kutch, but the lower reaches of the river dried up as its upstream tributaries were captured by the Indus and Ganges thousands of years ago. Traces of the delta and its distributary channels on the northern boundary of the Rann of Kutch were documented by the Geological Survey of India in 2000. Sindhu river :- Till year 1819 Indus river ( Sindhu river) use to flow into the Kutch due to which there was great prosperity in the area. In year 1819 due to earthquake Allahband ( Natural dam ) was created on the mouth of river Indus. This resulted in blockage of water entering in the Kutch. About Luni river:- The Luni is a river of western Rajasthan state, India. It originates in the Pushkar valley of the Aravalli Range, near Ajmer and ends in the marshy lands of Rann of Kutch in Gujarat, after travelling a distance of 530 km. It is first known as Sagarmati, then after passing Govindgarh, it meets its tributary Sarsuti, which originates from Pushkar Lake, and from then on it gets its name Luni.

Facts About Rivers of Kutch

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Traces of Saraswati river: Canal structures of Ancient Kutch SARASWATI CIVILIZATION during the Harappan and post Harappan times in Dholavira, where the water reservoir of the ancient time of Saraswati civilisation time can be seen. But we do not see the actual irrigation channels of the water which brings the water to those reservoir nor the DAM area to elevate the water level of the river so water can travel through those channels to the reservoir with gravity force only which is the actual Beauty and the importance of those ANCIENT Architect of WATER Irrigation Engineering during the Ancient time of Saraswati civilisation time.

Facts About Rivers of Kutch

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About river Banas: The West Banas is a river of western India. It originates the southern Aravalli Range, in Sirohi District of the state of Rajasthan. It flows south, draining the valley between Mount Abu on the west and the easterly ridge of the Aravallis on the east. It continues south through the plains of Gujarat state, flowing through Banaskantha and Patan districts to empty into Little Rann of Kutch seasonal wetland. Banas River Basin is located in eastcentral Rajasthan, between latitudes 24o15' and 27o20'N and longitudes 73o25' and 77o00'E. Aligned NE-SW, it is bounded by the Luni Basin in the west, the Shekhawati, Banganga and Gambhir Basins in the north, the Chambal Basin in the east, and the Mahi and Sabarmati Basins in the south. The Basin extends over parts of Jaipur, Dausa, Ajmer, Tonk, Bundi, Sawai Madhopur, Udaipur, Rajsamand, Pali, Bhilwara and Chittorgarh Districts. The total catchment area of the Basin is 45,833 km2 according to the 1:250,000 scale topographical maps published by the Survey of India.

Facts About Rivers of Kutch

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Due to trace of ancient rivers there was prosperity in the Kutch , hence the population of Kutch in year 1744 was estimates as 10,00,000 which was reduced drastically after the stoppage of surface resources, after creation of Allahband the population in year 1821 of Kutch was reduced to 50% i.e only 5,00,000 only and which was reduced further to 3,50,000 in year 1823. The social economic balance was disturbed which resulted the decrease in prosperity and population. Hence now it is again time to make efforts to revive the same.

Necessity of the proposal

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Water from river Luni of Rajasthan, Banas and other small tributaries of mountain region enters in Rann of Kutch and is lost in the sea without any utility, hence it is proposed to tap the water and accommodate in the Rann of Kutch.

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To construct a bund along Surajbari bridge so that flood water from the above mentioned rivers may not enter into the sea. Click Here Also similar structure is required to be constructed near India Bridge near Khavda.Click here Due to above works the flood water of the above catchment and rivers shall be accommodated in Rann of Kutch and large quantum of water could be stored. During the construction of temprory bund for the work of 3rd Surajbari bridge huge quantity of water from Banas river had accumulated, the news also displayed the vast area of land covered with the water of river Banas. Hence if some permanent measures are to be made for interception of water, Kutch can store huge quantity of fresh water on the land.

Works required to be carried out

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R. P. Singh et al. (Curr. Sci., 2001, 81,164166) have highlighted some interesting and useful information on the physical changes seen around Bhuj as revealed from the IRS-ID LISS-III remote sensing data. In this connection he supplemented following for better perception of the subject. According to Wadia1, The 1819 earthquake in the Kutch resulted in the subsidence of the western border of the Rann of Kutch under the sea, accompanied with the elevation of a large tract of land. Here some 2000 sq miles of area was suddenly depressed to a depth of 1215 feet and the whole tract was converted into an inland sea. As an accompaniment of the same movements, another area of 600 sq miles was simultaneously elevated several feet above the plains into a mound, which was appropriately designated by the local people as Allah Bund (built by God).

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Satellite Image Showing Rann Of Kutch

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Wadia further informs that within historic times, the Rann of Kutch was a gulf of the sea, with surrounding coastal towns. The gulf was gradually silted up due to elevation of its floor and eventually converted into a dry saline desert for a part of the year and a shallow swamp for the remaining part. Normally, the salinity of the sea water is uniform at any depth in the sea due to currents, which keep the sea water in a state of agitation. However in the Rann of Kutch, the higher concentration of chlorides (> 13.35 g/l) and salts (> 4.7 g/l) as reported by Singh et al., may be due to the sudden up-liftment of the stagnant marshy bed leading to higher concentration of chlorides and salts. Geologically, there is no basis to expect any potable water in this region at present. The lineament map of the area as shown by Singh et al., is very vivid and self-explanatory of the patterns before and after the 2001 earthquake. The lineaments after the earthquake not only cover a wider area but their density is also more, particularly around Bhuj.
(CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 81, NO. 8, 25 OCTOBER 2001)

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Saline Land being utilized as Salt Pan

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Groundwater is derived primarily from rain and snow melt that infiltrates the land surface and slowly percolates to the water table. This process of adding water to

underground storage is called "natural" groundwater recharge.

The purpose of 'artificial recharge' is to increase the rate at which water infiltrates the land surface in order to supplement the quantify of groundwater in storage. Artificial recharge of groundwater has been practiced for scores of years throughout the world.
The type of artificial recharge system that can be developed at any specific site is controlled, to a large degree, by the geologic and hydrologic conditions that exist at that site.

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Site selection criteria, in addition to economic considerations should include at least the following

Source of recharge water Chemical and physical characteristics of the recharge water Chemical characteristics of water in the aquifer Availability of an aquifer suitable for artificial recharge Thickness and permeability of the material overlying the aquifer, if any. Thickness and permeability of the aquifer. Proximity of the potential recharge site to an appropriate well field cone of depression. Water- level difference between the aquifer and the recharge site. Topography. Availability of property (land)

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Induced filtration:-It is basically a method to artificially recharge the aquifers along

river, lake or other such surface water bodies.

Water Spreading:-It involves spreading the water mantle over an extensive area
with flat/gentle topography. The controlling factors are Water contact time Soil permeability Area of inundation Click Here Recharge Pits and Shafts:-In more general cases where aquifers and land surface are separated by low permeable or impermeable material artificial recharge system must penetrate the less permeable strata in order to access the aquifer system to be recharged. Injection Wells:- Introduction of well screen/casing is recommended to prevent caving of aquifer.

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Surface infiltration systems for desalination are divided into in-channel and off-channel systems. In channel systems consist of dams placed across ephemeral or perennial streams to back the water up and spread it out, thus increasing the wetted area of the streambed or floodplain so that more water infiltrates into the ground and moves down to the groundwater . Water sources for in- and off-channel recharge systems should be of adequate quality to prevent undue clogging of the infiltrating surface by deposition and accumulation of suspended solids . by formation of bio-films and biomass on and in the soil; by precipitation of calcium carbonate or other salts on and in the soil; and by formation of gases that stay entrapped in the soil, where they block pores and reduce the hydraulic conductivity.

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If no clogging layer exists on the bottom of an infiltration basin and the basin is clean, the water table would rise to the water level in the basin, and the water in the basin and in the aquifer would then be in direct hydraulic connection . If the depth DW of the water table below the water level in the basin at some distance from the basin is relatively small, the flow away from the basin would be mostly lateral and be controlled by the slope of the water table On the other hand, if the water table is deep and DW is relatively large the flow from the basin would be mostly downward and controlled by gravity. Thus, if the water depth in the basin is increased, DW also would increase. The resulting effect on infiltration is then significant if DW is small, but negligible when DW is already large.

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Groundwater (Well field) management . Reduction of land subsidence. Renovation of waste water. Improvement of Ground water quality . Storage of stream water during periods of high or excessive flow . Reduction of flood flows. Increase well yield . Decrease the size of areas needed for water supply systems . Reduction of salt water intrusion or leakage of mineralized water . Increase stream flow . Store fresh water derived from rain and snow melt. If the existing groundwater is saline, the less saline lens float on the saline water. Desalination of Surface and Subsurface Soil.

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Along about 7000 km long Indian coast line coastal aquifers form a vital source of

fresh water.

On the other hand, the aquifers being in hydraulic contact with sea are equally vulnerable to contamination due to intrusion of saltwater from the sea. The intrusion in these areas is caused by concentrated withdrawal of groundwater and reversal of natural hydraulic gradient. The problem has been reported in areas of Saurashtra, Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal. It must be clearly understood that less than even 2% of sea water can diminish the water potability. The recommended remedial methods for salt water intrusion include modification of pumping pattern, artificial recharge, physical barrier and hydraulic barrier. Click Here

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Reduction in the surface salt content by surface washing Detention time required for water to absorb optimum salt content from the surface. Determination in Reduction of soil salinity by recharging water

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References
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2) Deepak Ramchandani, AMIE Civil, GWSSB, ANJAR, KUTCH. 3) R. P. Singh et al. (81,164166) (CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 81, NO. 8, 25 OCTOBER 2001) 4) Kasper and Jenkins 2004. Characteristics, Distribution and Genesis of Salt Affected Soils. 19 (4), pp. 269-276. 5) Lerner 2002 (Bouwer et al. 1999a; Bouwer 2000b). Hydrogeology Journal (2002) 10:121142 DOI 10.1007/s10040-001-0182-4 6) www.google.co.in, www.googlescholars.com

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