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+
+ =
A +
= A + = A + =
= = A + =
= = + =
)
1
( ) 1 (
) (
) 1 (
) ( ) (
. ) (
) 1 /( . ) (
Underground withdrawal
] ) ( [ ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( Pr
g s p o p g s p p o p
g s p p p o p
p p p
B R R B N B R R N B N withdrawal d Undergroun
gas RB B R N R N oil RB B N withdrawal d Undergroun
gas SCF R N oil STB N surface at oduction
+ = + =
The general expression for the material balance as
w p e
wc
f wc w
oi
gi
g
oi g s si oi o g s p o p
B W W p
S
c S c
NB m
B
B
mNB B R R N B B N B R R B N
) ( )
1
( ) 1 (
) 1 ( ) ( ) ( ] ) ( [
+ A
+
+ +
+ + = +
) 7 . 3 ( ) (
1
) 1 ( 1
) ( ) (
] ) ( [
w p e
wc
f wc w
gi
g
oi
g s si oi o
oi g s p o p
B W W
p
S
c S c
m
B
B
m
B
B R R B B
NB B R R B N
+
(
(
A
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ +
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
= +
p measuring dif f iculty Main
p V c dV
f luids reservoir of Expansion oduction f orm Simple
t p f W
p f B R B Note
e
g s o
:
Pr :
) , (
) ( , , :
A =
=
=
=
where
) 12 . 3 ( ) (
,
w e w f g o
B W mE mE E N F + + + =
STB
RB
p
S
c S c
B m E
STB
RB
B
B
B E
STB
RB
B R R B B E
RB B W B R R B N F
wc
f wc w
oi w f
gi
g
oi g
g s si oi o o
w p g s p o p
A
+
+ =
= =
= + =
= + + =
)
1
( ) 1 (
] [ ) 1 (
] [ ) ( ) (
] [ ] ) ( [
,
No initial gascap, negligible water influx
With water influx eq(3.12) becomes
Eq.(3.12) having a combination drive-all possible sources of energy.
0 &
w f
c c
) 13 . 3 ( ) 12 . 3 .(
o
NE F Eq =
) 14 . 3 (
o
e
o
E
W
N
E
F
+ =
) 12 . 3 ( ) (
,
w e w f g o
B W mE mE E N F + + + =
3.4 Reservoir Drive Mechanisms
- Solution gas drive
- Gascap drive
-Natural water
drive
- Compaction drive
In terms of
-reducing the M.B to a compact form to
quantify reservoir performance
-determining the main producing
characteristics,
for example, GOR; water cut
-determining the pressure decline in the
reservoir
- estimating the primary recovery factor
Reservoir drive mechanism
3.5 Solution gas drive
(a) above the B.P. pressure (b) below the B.P. pressure
Above the B.P. pressure
- no initial gascap, m=0
- no water flux, We=0 ; no water production, Wp=0
- Rs=Rsi=Rp
from eq.(3.7)
) 7 . 3 ( ) (
1
) 1 ( 1
) ( ) (
] ) ( [
w p e
wc
f wc w
gi
g
oi
g s si oi o
oi g s p o p
B W W
p
S
c S c
m
B
B
m
B
B R R B B
NB B R R B N
+
(
(
A
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ +
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
= +
0 ; 0 ; 0 ; 0 ) ( ; 0 ) ( : = = = = =
p e s si s p
W W m R R R R Note
ility compressib weighted saturation ef f ective the
S
c S c S c
c where
S S p c NB B N or
p B
B B
p B
B B
p
S
c S c S c
NB B N
dp
dB
B dp
dV
V
c p
S
c S c
c NB B N
p
S
c s c
B
B B
NB B N
wc
f w w o o
e
wc o e oi o p
oi
oi o
oi
o oi
wc
f w w o o
oi o p
o
o
o
o
o
wc
f w w
o oi o p
wc
f wc w
oi
oi o
oi o p
=
+ +
=
= + A =
A
=
A
~ A
+ +
=
= = A
+
+ =
A
+
+
=
,
1
1 ) 18 . 3 (
) ( ) (
) 17 . 3 ( )
1
(
1 1
)]
1
( [
]
1
) (
) (
[
Exercise3.1 Solution gas drive, undersaturated oil reservoir
Determine R.F.
Solution:
FromTable2.4(p.65)
2 . 0 10 6 . 8 10 3
) 65 . ( 4 . 2
1 6 1 6
= = =
w f w
b i
S psi c psi c
p table PVT
p p p if
STB
RB
B psi p
STB
RB
B psi p
ob b
oi i
12511 , 3330
2417 . 1 , 4000
= =
= =
1 6
10 3 . 11
) 3330 4000 ( 2417 . 1
2417 . 1 2511 . 1
1 1
=
=
A
=
= =
psi
p B
B B
c
dp
dB
B dp
dV
V
c
oi
oi ob
o
o
o
o
o
o
Eq(3.18)
% 5 . 1 015 . 0
) 3330 4000 ( 10 8 . 22
2511 . 1
2417 . 1
. .
6
= =
=
A = =
A =
p c
B
B
N
N
F R
p c NB B N
e
ob
oi
Pb
p
e oi o p
Table 2.4 Field PVT
P(psia) Bo (Rb/STB) Rs(SCF/STB) Bg( Rb/SCF)
4000 (pi) 1.2417 510
3500 1.2480 510
3300 (pb) 1.2511 510 0.00087
3000 1.2222 450 0.00096
2700 1.2022 401 0.00107
2400 1.1822 352 0.00119
2100 1.1633 304 0.00137
1800 1.1450 257 0.00161
1500 1.1287 214 0.00196
1200 1.1115 167 0.00249
900 1.0940 122 0.00339
600 1.0763 78 0.00519
300 1.0583 35 0.01066
Bo as Function of Pressure
Rs as Function of Pressure
Bg and E as Function of Pressure
Producing Gas-oil Ratio (R) as Function of Pressure
% 7 . 16 167 . 0
4000
3330 4000
%
10 8 . 22
) 10 6 . 8 2 . 0 10 3 8 . 0 10 3 . 11 (
2 . 0 1
1
1
:
6
6 6 6
= =
= A
=
+ +
+ +
=
p
S
c S c S c
c
Note
wc
f w w o o
e
Below B.P. pressure (Saturation oil)
P<Pb =>gas liberated from saturated oil
1 6
1
6
1 6
1 6 1 6
10 6 . 8
10 3
10 3 . 11
10 300 10 300
3300
1 1 1
=
=
=
= = = = ~
psi c
psi c
psi c
psi c psi
P p
c
f
w
o
g
b
g
Exercise3.2 Solution gas drive; below bubble point pressure
Reservoir-described in exercise 3.1
Pabandon = 900psia
(1) R.F = f(Rp)? Conclusion?
(2) Sg(free gas) = F(Pabandon)?
Solution:
(1) From eq(3.7)
) 7 . 3 ( ) (
1
) 1 ( 1
) ( ) (
] ) ( [
w p e
wc
f wc w
gi
g
oi
g s si oi o
oi g s p o p
B W W
p
S
c S c
m
B
B
m
B
B R R B B
NB B R R B N
+
(
(
A
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ +
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
= +
developed is S if negligible is p
S
c S c
NB
W W
cap gas initial no m
P B below gas solution f or
g
wc
f wc w
oi
p e
A
= =
=
)
1
(
0 ; 0
0
. .
Eq(3.7) becomes
) 20 . 3 ( ] ) ( ) [( ] ) ( [
g s si oi o g s p o p
B R R B B N B R R B N + = +
201
344
00339 . 0 ) 122 ( 0940 . 1
00339 . 0 ) 122 510 ( ) 2417 . 1 0940 . 1 (
. .
) (
) ( ) (
. .
900
900
+
=
+
+
= =
+
+
= =
=
=
p p
p
p
p
g s p o
g s si oi o p
R R N
N
F R
B R R B
B R R B B
N
N
F R
Conclusion:
Rp
R
F
1
~
49 . 0 % 49 500
) 55 . ( 3 . 3 .
900
= = =
N
N
STB
SCF
R
p Fig From
p
p
(2) the overall gas balance
) 21 . 3 (
) 1 ( )] ( ) ( [
) (
) 1 (
) 1 ( 1
oi
wc g s p p s si
g
g s p g p p g si
wc
g oi
b
wc wc
oi
NB
S B R R N R R N
S
B R N N B R N B NR
S
S NB
p p f or
S
HCPV
volume pore
S
NB
=
=
>
= =
liberated
gas in the
reservoir
total
amount
of gas
gas
produced
at surface
gas still
dissolved
in the oil
=
4428 . 0 8 . 0 00339 . 0
2417 . 1
)] 122 500 ( 49 . 0 ) 122 510 [(
) 1 (
)] ( ) [(
) 1 ( )] ( ) ( [
=
=
=
=
wc g
oi
s p
p
s si
oi
wc g s p s si
g
S B
B
R R
N
N
R R
NB
S B R R Np R R N
S