THE INTEGUMENTARY

SYSTEM
Integumentary System
Functions
 Protection (chemical, physical,
and biological barriers)
 Prevents loss of water
 Temperature regulation
 Metabolic regulation
 Immune defense
 Sensory receptors
 Excretion by means of
secretion
Regions of the Skin

 Epidermis

 Dermis

 Hypodermis
 NOT a part of
the
integumentary
system
 Epidermis
The epidermis is what type of tissue??
Keratinized stratified squamous
epithelium
Thick skin has five Thin skin has four
layers layers
Stratum
corneum

Stratum
lucidum
Stratum
granulosum
Stratum
spinosum
Stratum
 Layers of the Epidermis
 Stratum corneum
 Stratum lucidum (only in thick
skin)
 Stratum granulosum
 Keratinization
 Cells still alive
 Stratum spinosum
 Epidermal dendritic cells
 Stratum basale (germinativum)
 Melanocytes
 Tactile Cells
 Keratinocytes found in all
layers
 Cells of the Epidermis
 Keratinocytes-
 produce keratin, most
abundant

 Melanocytes-
 produce melanin

 Epidermal Dendritic
Cells (Langerhans
Cells)-
 macrophages in the immune
response
The epidermis is made of ___
epithelium.
1. Simple Squamous
2. Transitional
3. Stratified
Squamous
4. Pseudostratified
Squamous

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 Skin Color
 Hemoglobin – in
blood; causes pink
hue in Caucasian skin
 Melanin – produced
by melanocytes
 UVexposure darkens
existing melanin and
stimulates Jaundice – caused by elevated
melanocytes levels of bilirubin in the body
 Carotene – found in
plants; yellow to
orange pigment
Quick Question

The epidermis is epithelial tissue so

what MUST lie directly beneath??

Connective Tissue
Dermis

 2 layers:
 Papillary (areolar)
 Reticular (dense
irregular)
 Epidermal Ridges
and dermal papillae
 Hypodermis
(subcutaneous)
 Areolar and
adipose
connective tissue
 Anchors skin to
underlying
structures
 Allows skin to
slide freely
 Larger in women
than men
Nails
 Scale like
modification of
epidermis
 Contain hard
keratin
 Grows from the
nail matrix
Hair
Three types of
hair:
 Lanugo
 fine downy hair on
fetuses
 Terminal
 hair on head, pubic
region, and men’s
facial hair
 Vellus
 hair on arms and legs
 fine hair
 Hair
 Consists of root
and shaft
 Layers of the
hair:
 Medulla – central
core not found
in all hair
 Cortex –
surrounds
medulla
 Cuticle –
Location and Functions

 Hair can be found

EVERYWHERE, except for on
the palms, soles, lips, sides of
fingers and toes, and parts of
the external genitalia
 Functions:
 protects from the sun
 senses touch
 reduces heat loss
Hair Growth
 Rate of hair
growth is about
2 mm/week
 Growth cycles –
active (2-5
years) and
dormant phases
(3-4 months)
 Why are
eyebrows
Male Pattern Baldness
 Genetic and hormonal
influences
 Genetic: 2 alleles, one for
uniform hair growth and
one for baldness
 Baldness gene is dominant in
males
 Hormonal: Testosterone
causes terminal hair to be
replaced by vellus hair
 Exocrine Glands Sebaceous

 Sebaceous (oil) glands

 Occur over entire body,
except palms and soles
 Produce sebum as Merocrine
lubricant
 Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
 Merocrine glands – most
numerous, sweat or sensible
Apocrine
perspiration
 Apocrine glands – confined to
axillary, nipple, anal and
genital areas; viscous sweat
What type of gland secretes oil to
lubricate the skin?
1. Sudoriferous
2. Merocrine
3. Apocrine
4. Sebacceous

1
8
 Burns

Second-degree – damages
epidermis and part of the
First-degree – damages dermis
epidermis

Third-degree – damages entire

dermis
 Types of Skin Cancer

Basal cell Squamous cell

carcinoma carcinoma

Refer to Table 5.4 for

more information Malignant Melanoma
Objectives for Next
Lecture
 Describe the general structures
and functions of bone
 Identify the classifications of
bones
 Understand the two types of
bone formation
 Describe some disorders of the
skeletal system