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b) Classify hydrocarbons into : i) aliphatic and aromatic ii) saturated and unsaturated c) Decscribe alkanes as saturated by hydrocarbon with the general formula : i) CnH2n+2 , n > 1 for open chain alkanes ii) CnH2n , n >3 for cycloalkanes
d) Draw the structures and name the compounds according to the IUPAC nomenclature for : i) straight chain and branched alkanes (C1-C5 ) ii) cyclic alkanes (C3-C6 ) iii) alkyl groups e) Explain the physical properties: i) compare the boiling points of: - alkanes based on molecular weight - isomeric alkanes - alkanes and cycloalkanes
ALKANES
OVERVIEW
ii) solubility f) State the natural source of alkanes g) Describe the combustion of alkane in i) excess oxygen
j) Explain the free radical substitution mechanism for methane, ethane, and propane k) Explain the monosubstitution of alkane containing equivalent type of hydrogen atoms as in neopentane
ii) limited oxygen h) Explain the unreactivity of alkanes i) Explain the halogenation reaction of alkanes
a) b)
Describe alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbon with the general formula CnH2n , n>2 Draw the structures and name the compounds according to IUPAC nomenclature for : i) ii) iii) straight chain (C2-C10 ) and branched alkenes (C4-C10 ) cyclic alkenes (C4-C6 ) simple dienes (C4-C6)
ii)
d) e)
dehydrohalogenation of haloalkanes
State Saytzeffs rule. Deduce the major product of elimination reaction. Explain the reactivity of alkenes
f)
Explain the addition reactions of alkenes with : i) hydrogen in presence of catalyst (hydrogenation) ii) halogen (Cl2 or Br2) in inert solvent CH2Cl2 (halogenation)
ALKENES
OVERVIEW
iii) halogen (Cl2 or Br2) in water (halogenation) iv) hyrogen halides (HCl or HBr) (hydrohalogenation) v) acidified water (hydration)
i) Explain the unsaturation test for alkene : i) Baeyers test using cold, dilute, alkaline solution KMnO4 at room temperature.
g)
Write the mechanism of electrophilic addition of : i) ii) hyrogen halides (hyrohalogenation) acidified water (hydration)
ii)
Explain the formation of product according to the Markovnikovs rule Determine the product of the reaction between alkene and hydrogen bromide in the presence of peroxide according to anti-Markovnikovs rule.
j) Determine the position of double bond through : i) ii) Ozonolysis reaction with hot, acidified KMnO4
General formula of open chain alcohol Draw and classify the structure IUPAC nomenclature Boiling point Physical properties Solubility INTRODUCTION PREPARATION OF R-OH
1. 2. 3. 4.
Fermentation Hydration of alkenes Hydrolysis of RX Addition of Grignard Reagents to carbonyl compounds 1. 2. 3. Reaction with sodium Esterification Dehydration Substn. reaction using HX, PX3, PX5 or SOCl Oxidation
4. 5.
Identification test for phenol 1. 2. FeCl3 solution Bromin water Common uses of alcohol and phenols Compare the acidity of phenol, alcohols and water
REACTION KINETICS
1. REACTION RATE
a) b) c) d) Define reaction rate Exp. Graph of [ ] vs t in relation to reaction rate Write differential rate equation. Determine reaction rate based on differential rate equation Define i) ii) rate law order of reaction
i)
ii) a)
minimum energy
correct orientation
Transition state theory i) ii) iii) Define Ea with reference to the energy profile diagram define activated complex State the characteristics of an activated complex
iii)
e) f)
half-life, t1/2
Zero order First order Second order
Determine the order of reaction involving a single reactant using i) ii) iii) iv) initial rate method the units of rate constants, k t1/2 based on graph of [ ] vs t linear graph method based on the integrated rate equation and rate law
b)
c)
d) e)
f)
a. List
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTIONTO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
the elements that made up organic compounds C,H,O,N,P,S and halogens. b. State the abilitiy of carbon to form covalent bonds i) single bond ii) double bond ii) triple bond c. Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated compounds d. Give example of organic compounds used in medicine,engineering,biotechnology and agriculture. a. Define structural formula b. Draw structural formula in the form of expanded, condensed and skeletal structures c. Explain primary (1), secondary (2), tertiary (3) and quaternary (4) carbon
a. Define Isomerism b. Explain constitutional isomerism: chain isomers, positional isomers and functional group isomers FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AND c. Define stereoisomerism HOMOLOGOUS SERIES d. Describe cis-trans isomerism. Identify cis-trans isomerism f. Define chirality centre and a. Define functional group. enantiomers. b. Name functional groups and Identify chirality centre in a classify organic compounds molecule g. Explain optical activity of a according to their functional compound groups. h. Draw a pair of enantiomers c. Define homologous series using 3-dimensional and explain general i. Define racemate mixture characteristics of its members j. Give the applications of chiral compounds in daily life
REACTIONS IN ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
a. Explain bond cleavage: Homolytic an Heterolytic b. State the relative stabilities of 1, 2 and 3 free radicals,carbocations and carbanions. Explain the inductive effect of alkyl groups toward the stability of carbocations and carbanions. c. Define electrophile and nucleophile. i) types of electrophile ii) types of nucleophiles d. Explain the main types of organic reactions: i) Addition: E+ and Nuii) substitution: E+, Nu- and free radicals iii) Elimination iv) Rearrangement
INTRODUCTION
1) 2) Classify 10, 20, 30 amine IUPAC nomenclature
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
1) Boiling point a) Compared 10, 20, 30 amine b) Compared with RH, RX, ROH, carbonyl
AMINES
OVERVIEW
2)
3)
LiAlH4 / H+
NaBH4 / H+
4)
INTRODUCTION
AMINO ACIDS AND PROTEIN
OVERVIEW 1) General structure of -amino acids 2) Identify the structure of 20 standard amino acids
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
1) Reaction of amino acids with a) HCl
b)
c) d)
NaOH
HNO2 ROH / H+
Give the importance of amino acids (10 essential acids) and proteins (eg : collagen and hemoglobin)
POLYMERS
OVERVIEW
a) monomer
b) polymer c) homopolymer
d) copolymer
e) straight chain polymer f) cross-linked polymer
3) Synthetic polymer
2) Natural polymers
a) proteins
b) carbohydrates c) natural rubber
preparation
b) poly(vinylchloride)
c) polystyrene
2) Polyester
a) dacron b) terylene
b. Exp.the influence of a) ortho-para director a. Exp. the electrophilic subsitution b) meta director of benzene: towards electrophilic substitution a) nitration b) halogenation c) Fridel-Crafts alkylation Mechanism for each reaction d) Fridel-Crafts acylation
c. Exp.the reaction of benzene derivatives a) oxidation of alkylbenzene b) halogenation of toluene
d. Give the uses of aromatic compounds include the carcinogenic effects of aromatic compounds
Free radicals sub. (presence UV) Electrophilic sub. (presence of Lewis Acid)
INTRODUCTION
2. Draw the structures 3. Classify 10, 20, 30 haloalkane, 4. IUPAC nomenclature 5. Describe haloalkane :contain polar bond, carbon bearing the halogen is susceptible to nucleophilic attack
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
a)
c)
b) SN1 mechanism 3. Compare the relative reactivities of 10, 20, 30 RX towards hydrolysis 4. Exp. Elimination reaction with reference to dehydrohalogenation RX
INTRODUCTION
1.
General formula
a)
Boiling points
2.
3.
IUPAC nomenclature
Physical properties
b) Solubility c) Acidity Compare with ROH and Phenol Halogenated RCOOH based on
i)
Number of halogen
ii)
Position of halogen
1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
2.
3.
Explain reducing properties of methanoic acid with : i) KMnO4 / H+ ii) Tollens reagent
CARBONYL COMPOUND
Overview
1)
Nu-
HCN
addition
ROH
2) Reduction
3) Condensation
( ID test )
PREPARATION OF CARBONYL
4) Oxidation
( ID test )
1) Oxidation of alcohol
2) Ozonolysis of alkene 3) Friedel-Crafts acylation
5) Iodoform test
( ID test )