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a)

Define hydrocarbon compounds

b) Classify hydrocarbons into : i) aliphatic and aromatic ii) saturated and unsaturated c) Decscribe alkanes as saturated by hydrocarbon with the general formula : i) CnH2n+2 , n > 1 for open chain alkanes ii) CnH2n , n >3 for cycloalkanes

d) Draw the structures and name the compounds according to the IUPAC nomenclature for : i) straight chain and branched alkanes (C1-C5 ) ii) cyclic alkanes (C3-C6 ) iii) alkyl groups e) Explain the physical properties: i) compare the boiling points of: - alkanes based on molecular weight - isomeric alkanes - alkanes and cycloalkanes

ALKANES
OVERVIEW

ii) solubility f) State the natural source of alkanes g) Describe the combustion of alkane in i) excess oxygen

j) Explain the free radical substitution mechanism for methane, ethane, and propane k) Explain the monosubstitution of alkane containing equivalent type of hydrogen atoms as in neopentane

ii) limited oxygen h) Explain the unreactivity of alkanes i) Explain the halogenation reaction of alkanes

a) b)

Describe alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbon with the general formula CnH2n , n>2 Draw the structures and name the compounds according to IUPAC nomenclature for : i) ii) iii) straight chain (C2-C10 ) and branched alkenes (C4-C10 ) cyclic alkenes (C4-C6 ) simple dienes (C4-C6)

c) Show the preparation of alkenes through : i) dehydration of alcohols (mechanism)

ii)
d) e)

dehydrohalogenation of haloalkanes

State Saytzeffs rule. Deduce the major product of elimination reaction. Explain the reactivity of alkenes

f)

Explain the addition reactions of alkenes with : i) hydrogen in presence of catalyst (hydrogenation) ii) halogen (Cl2 or Br2) in inert solvent CH2Cl2 (halogenation)

ALKENES
OVERVIEW

iii) halogen (Cl2 or Br2) in water (halogenation) iv) hyrogen halides (HCl or HBr) (hydrohalogenation) v) acidified water (hydration)

vi) cold concentrated sulphuric acid

i) Explain the unsaturation test for alkene : i) Baeyers test using cold, dilute, alkaline solution KMnO4 at room temperature.

g)

Write the mechanism of electrophilic addition of : i) ii) hyrogen halides (hyrohalogenation) acidified water (hydration)

ii)

reaction with bromine in CH2Cl2 and bromin water


h)

Explain the formation of product according to the Markovnikovs rule Determine the product of the reaction between alkene and hydrogen bromide in the presence of peroxide according to anti-Markovnikovs rule.

j) Determine the position of double bond through : i) ii) Ozonolysis reaction with hot, acidified KMnO4

General formula of open chain alcohol Draw and classify the structure IUPAC nomenclature Boiling point Physical properties Solubility INTRODUCTION PREPARATION OF R-OH

1. 2. 3. 4.

Fermentation Hydration of alkenes Hydrolysis of RX Addition of Grignard Reagents to carbonyl compounds 1. 2. 3. Reaction with sodium Esterification Dehydration Substn. reaction using HX, PX3, PX5 or SOCl Oxidation

HYDROXY COMPOUNDS OVERVIEW


Industrial preparation of phenol CHEM. PROPS OF PHENOLS 1. 2. 3. Reaction with sodium Reaction with Naoh E+ substn : (-OH as ortho-para director) PHENOL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF R-OH

4. 5.

Identification test 1. 2. 3. Lucas test Oxidation test Iodoform test

Identification test for phenol 1. 2. FeCl3 solution Bromin water Common uses of alcohol and phenols Compare the acidity of phenol, alcohols and water

REACTION KINETICS
1. REACTION RATE
a) b) c) d) Define reaction rate Exp. Graph of [ ] vs t in relation to reaction rate Write differential rate equation. Determine reaction rate based on differential rate equation Define i) ii) rate law order of reaction

2. COLLISION THEORY AND TRANSITION STATE THEORY


a) Collision theory. Exp the requirements for effective collision :

i)
ii) a)

minimum energy
correct orientation

Transition state theory i) ii) iii) Define Ea with reference to the energy profile diagram define activated complex State the characteristics of an activated complex

iii)
e) f)

half-life, t1/2
Zero order First order Second order

Write integrated rate equation for

3. FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION RATE


a) Exp the effects of reaction rates i) ii) concentration Temperature iii) iv) catalyst particle size

Determine the order of reaction involving a single reactant using i) ii) iii) iv) initial rate method the units of rate constants, k t1/2 based on graph of [ ] vs t linear graph method based on the integrated rate equation and rate law

b)
c)

Exp Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve


Exp effect of catalyst on Ea based on energy profile for exothermic and endothermic reactions Arrhenius equation Determine k, Ea, T and A using Arrhenius eq by calculation and graphical method

d) e)

f)

Perform calculation using the integrated equation

a. List

INTRODUCTIONTO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY OVERVIEW

INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTIONTO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

the elements that made up organic compounds C,H,O,N,P,S and halogens. b. State the abilitiy of carbon to form covalent bonds i) single bond ii) double bond ii) triple bond c. Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated compounds d. Give example of organic compounds used in medicine,engineering,biotechnology and agriculture. a. Define structural formula b. Draw structural formula in the form of expanded, condensed and skeletal structures c. Explain primary (1), secondary (2), tertiary (3) and quaternary (4) carbon

MOLECULAR AND ISOMERISM


STRUCTURAL FORMULAE

a. Define Isomerism b. Explain constitutional isomerism: chain isomers, positional isomers and functional group isomers FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AND c. Define stereoisomerism HOMOLOGOUS SERIES d. Describe cis-trans isomerism. Identify cis-trans isomerism f. Define chirality centre and a. Define functional group. enantiomers. b. Name functional groups and Identify chirality centre in a classify organic compounds molecule g. Explain optical activity of a according to their functional compound groups. h. Draw a pair of enantiomers c. Define homologous series using 3-dimensional and explain general i. Define racemate mixture characteristics of its members j. Give the applications of chiral compounds in daily life

REACTIONS IN ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS

a. Explain bond cleavage: Homolytic an Heterolytic b. State the relative stabilities of 1, 2 and 3 free radicals,carbocations and carbanions. Explain the inductive effect of alkyl groups toward the stability of carbocations and carbanions. c. Define electrophile and nucleophile. i) types of electrophile ii) types of nucleophiles d. Explain the main types of organic reactions: i) Addition: E+ and Nuii) substitution: E+, Nu- and free radicals iii) Elimination iv) Rearrangement

INTRODUCTION
1) 2) Classify 10, 20, 30 amine IUPAC nomenclature

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
1) Boiling point a) Compared 10, 20, 30 amine b) Compared with RH, RX, ROH, carbonyl

AMINES
OVERVIEW

2)

Solubility a) Compared 10, 20, 30 amine

3)

Basicity a) Inductive effect b) Resonance effect

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES PREPARATION


a) Reaction of amine with
Acyl chloride Acid anhydride Hinsberg test ( ID test ) Nitrous acis ( ID test ) Bromin water ( ID test ) 3) Reduction of amides Hoffmanns degradation 2) Reduction of nitrils 1) Reduction of nitro Zn / H+ SnCl2 / H+ H2 / Pt LiAlH4 / H+ NaBH4 / H+

LiAlH4 / H+
NaBH4 / H+

b) Exp. Formation of dye

4)

INTRODUCTION
AMINO ACIDS AND PROTEIN
OVERVIEW 1) General structure of -amino acids 2) Identify the structure of 20 standard amino acids

3) IUPAC nomenclature of amino acids

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
1) Reaction of amino acids with a) HCl

4) Define terms a) Zwitterion and b) Isoelectric point, pI

b)
c) d)

NaOH
HNO2 ROH / H+

5) Draw the given amino acids :


a) in acidic medium b) in basic medium c) at pI

2) Formation of peptide bond in polypeptides

Give the importance of amino acids (10 essential acids) and proteins (eg : collagen and hemoglobin)

1) Explain the terms

POLYMERS
OVERVIEW

a) monomer
b) polymer c) homopolymer

d) copolymer
e) straight chain polymer f) cross-linked polymer

3) Synthetic polymer

2) Natural polymers

a) proteins
b) carbohydrates c) natural rubber

preparation

The use of synthetic polymers


condensation 1) Polyamides a) Kevlar b) Nylon 6 c) Nylon 6,6 1) Polyalkenes a) polyethylene addition

b) poly(vinylchloride)
c) polystyrene

2) Polyester

a) dacron b) terylene

AROMATIC COMPOUNDS OVERVIEW 14.1 INTRODUCTION

Describe the terms a) aromatics compounds b) Kekule structure c) resonance structure


a. Draw and named using IUPAC nomenclature i) monosubstituted ii) disubstituted iii) trisubstituted iv) tetrasubstituted b. Draw and give example benzene as a substitutent: C6H5- (phenyl)

14.0 AROMATIC COMPOUNDS

14.2 NOMENCLATURE OF BENZENE AND ITS DERIVATIVES

14.3 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BENZENE AND ITS DERIVATIVES

b. Exp.the influence of a) ortho-para director a. Exp. the electrophilic subsitution b) meta director of benzene: towards electrophilic substitution a) nitration b) halogenation c) Fridel-Crafts alkylation Mechanism for each reaction d) Fridel-Crafts acylation
c. Exp.the reaction of benzene derivatives a) oxidation of alkylbenzene b) halogenation of toluene

d. Give the uses of aromatic compounds include the carcinogenic effects of aromatic compounds

Free radicals sub. (presence UV) Electrophilic sub. (presence of Lewis Acid)

1. Give the general formula of haloalkane

INTRODUCTION

2. Draw the structures 3. Classify 10, 20, 30 haloalkane, 4. IUPAC nomenclature 5. Describe haloalkane :contain polar bond, carbon bearing the halogen is susceptible to nucleophilic attack

HALOALKANE (ALKYL HALIDES)


OVERVIEW

1. Exp. Nu- substitution of RX

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

a)

Hydrolysis of RX with NaOH/H2O Reaction of RX with NH3 2. Explain a) SN1 mechanism

b) Reaction of RX with KCN

7. Write the importance of RX as inert substance


6. Describe Wurtz reaction 5. Exp. the use of RX in the Synthesis of Grignard Reagents a) Synthesis of alkane

c)

b) SN1 mechanism 3. Compare the relative reactivities of 10, 20, 30 RX towards hydrolysis 4. Exp. Elimination reaction with reference to dehydrohalogenation RX

b) Synthesis of 10, 20, 30 alcohols c) Synthesis of carboxylic acid

INTRODUCTION

1.

General formula

a)

Boiling points

2.
3.

IUPAC nomenclature
Physical properties

b) Solubility c) Acidity Compare with ROH and Phenol Halogenated RCOOH based on

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND ITS DERIVATIVES OVERVIEW

i)

Number of halogen

ii)

Position of halogen

PREPARATION OF RCOOH CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF RCOOH


1. Oxidation of alkylbenzene, ROH and aldehyde

1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Neutralisation with base


Reaction with electropositive metal (Na, Mg, or Ca) Reduction with LiAlH4 / H+ Acyl chloride formation Anhydride formation Esterification Amide formation RCOOH derivatives

2.
3.

Hydrolysis of nitril compound


Carbonation of Grignard Reagent

Explain reducing properties of methanoic acid with : i) KMnO4 / H+ ii) Tollens reagent

Give the uses of RCOOH and its derivatives

Explain the relatives reactivities of RCOOH derivatives towards hydrolysis reaction

CHEMICAL PROPS. OF CARBONYL

CARBONYL COMPOUND
Overview

1)

Nu-

HCN

addition
ROH

H2O NaHSO3 R-MgX LiAlH4/H+ NaBH4/H+ H2/catalyst hydroxylamine

INTRODUCTION 1) general formula 2) Draw the structures 3) IUPAC nomenclature

2) Reduction

3) Condensation
( ID test )

hydrazine phenylhydrazine 2,4-DNPH

PREPARATION OF CARBONYL

4) Oxidation
( ID test )

KMnO4/H+ K2Cr2O7/H+ Tollens Fehlings / Benedict Schiffs

1) Oxidation of alcohol
2) Ozonolysis of alkene 3) Friedel-Crafts acylation

5) Iodoform test
( ID test )

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