(b) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium.

When it enters the blood it can stimulate the production of several different clones of plasma cells. These produce a variety of antibodies (polyclonal antibodies). Suggest an explanation for this. (4) ......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... ..

(c) In the laboratory, it is possible to produce clones of special cells that only produce one type of antibody (monoclonal antibodies). These monoclonal antibodies can be used to detect the presence of antigens in the blood. Suggest the advantage of using monoclonal antibodies, rather than polyclonal antibodies, in the detection of antigens in the blood. Give reasons for your answer.

(3) ............................................................................. .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .......................................................................... .........................................................

Phagocytes

Neutrophils Granulocytes 70%

MacrophagesAgranulocytes 4%
(also play a role in the specific immune response in the production of antibodies)

The Immune System LYMPHOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES

The specific response of the body to the invasion of pathogens. 4 key characteristics : Distinguish self from non-self (antigens) Specific Diverse Immunological memmory

Lymphocytes
(agranulocytes)

Made in bone marrow and move through blood and lymph tissue

100 million B cells develop in embryo (all different ) are cloned Membrane bound globular receptor proteins during cell division on cell surface identical to antibodies they produce (IgM)

B cells

T cells Thousands of identical T cellreceptors Killer t cells Helper T cells

Made in bone marrow but mature and are activated in thymus gland

Produce chemical s that destroy pathogens

Involved in producing antibodies

MHC
MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBLITY COMPLEX PROTEINS

The Humoral Response

TWO Stages 1. T HELPER CELL ACTIVIATION 2. THE EFFECTOR STAGE

Macrophage engulfs pathogen by phagocytosis

Vesicle containing pathogen fuses with lysosome (containing lysozyme)

Antigens separated (antigen processing)

Processed antigen combines with MHC to form complexes that move to the outer cell membrane

The Macrophages are now called ANITGEN PRESENTING CELLS (APC)

CD4 receptor cells on the T Helper cells enable it to bind to the specific antigen of the antigen /MHC complex on the APC

This triggers T Helper cells to reproduce and produce clones cells with the same CD4 receptor as the original T Cell

The cells are now specific for that antigen

Most of these cloned cells become active T Helper cells which are used in the rest of the immune response

The rest of the cells become Memory cells

B and T helper cells are active in the effector stage Some of the millions of different B cells will have Immunoglobulins (antibodies) that are specific to the antigens now presented by the pathogen and will bind to it.

B cell engulfs pathogen

Vesicle fuses with lysosome

Lysozyme breaks down pathogen

Transported to the cell membrane

MHC /antigen complexes formed

Antigen processed

Results in another type of APC

A T helper cell from previous process recognises antigen and bind to it

This triggers the release of cytokines from the T helper cell

Continued......
This stimulates B cells to divide and form clone cells

B effector cells

B memory cells

Majority of new clones B cells become plasma cell clones

clonal selection

The cloning of B cells eventually results in the production of the correct antibodies

These plasma cells produce large numbers of antibodies

Video Recap
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L32Na8fGj zA

TASK
Produce a large diagram that illustrates theHUMORAL REPONSE You are only allowed to use labels (limited text only)

Homework
What are antibodies and how do they work ? Write a 400 word summary and include labelled diagrams

Answers to exam questions

1. (bacterium) is made of many different {polymers / chemicals / eq} / eq ; 2. which can act as antigens / eq ; 3. reference to B {lymphocytes / cells} ; 4. reference to (individual B-lymphocytes) recognise specific antigens / antibodies are specific / eq ; 5. reference to {activation/ eq} of B lymphocytes by T {lymphocytes / cells} ; 6. reference to mitosis (in B-lymphocytes or cells) ; 7. to {form / eq} genetically identical plasma cells ; max (4)

1. specific {antigen / virus / pathogen / bacterium / eq} can be {identified / eq} ; 2. idea of {specific / monoclonal} antibody binds to {specific / only one} antigen ; 3. specific treatment can be given / eq ; 4. avoids unnecessary use of {drugs / treatment} / eq ; 5. more likely to be effective / eq ;