CHEMICAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES

Water is the chemical substance with chemical formula H2O. One molecule of water has two hydrogen atoms bonded to a single oxygen atom. The word water is derived from German word wasser, which in turn derived from an ancient Indo-European word meaning to wet or wash. Humans use about 54% of reliable runoff

UTILITY OF WATER

As a solvent For drinking As a thermal transfer agent/Steam generation Industrial coolant Food processing Power generation Laundries Paper industry Textile industry

United States
Power cooling 38% Agriculture 38%

Industry 11% Public 10%

Primary sources
1. 2. Snow Rain

Secondary sources
1. 2. Surface water Ground water

Surface water Ground water

The hydrologic cycle is the natural process of rain & snow falling to earth & evaporating back to form clouds and fall again. The water falling to earth flows into streams, rivers, lakes and into the soil collecting to form ground water.

Nitrates Animal Feeding Operations Heavy Metals removal Fertilizers and Insecticides Industrial Products and Wastes Household Wastes Lead & Copper

Water quality is the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water. It is a measure of the condition of water relative to the requirements of one or more biotic species and or to any human need or purpose. In order to understand the water quality we should know the difference between potable water and palatable water.

POTABLE WATER:
A water that can be consumed in any desired amount without concern for adverse health effect is termed as potable water.

PALATABLE WATER:
The water that is pleasing to drink but not necessarily safe for health. To be palatable a water should be free of detectable taste and odors

The presence of contaminants and the characteristics of water are used to indicate the quality of water. the quality indicators can be characterize as:

PHYSICAL Color Turbidity and clarity Taste Odour Acidity Gases Suspended solids Dissolved Solid
RADIOACTIVE

CHEMICAL Dissolved oxygen PH Nutrients Organic Compound Inorganic Compound

BIOLOGICAL Bacteria Algae Fungi

Describes those processes used to make water more acceptable for a desired end-use. These can include use as drinking water, industrial processes, medical and many other uses.

WHY WATER TREATMENT?

The goal of all water treatment process is to remove existing contaminants in the water, or reduce the concentration of such contaminants so the water becomes fit for its desired end-use.