INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

The architecture of India is rooted in its history, culture and religion. Indian architecture progressed with time and assimilated the many influences that came as a result of India's global discourse with other regions of the world throughout its millennia-old past. The architectural methods practiced in India are a result of examination and implementation of its established building traditions and outside cultural interactions. Though old, this Eastern tradition has also incorporated modern values as India became a modern nation state. The economic reforms of 1991 further bolstered the urban architecture of India as the country became more integrated with the world's economy. Traditional Vastu Shastra remains influential in India's architecture during the contemporary era. One of the most enduring achievements of Indian civilization is undoubtedly its architecture. Indian architecture, which has evolved through centuries, is the result of socio-economic and geographical conditions. Different types of Indian architectural styles include a mass of expressions over space and time, transformed by the forces of history considered unique to India. As a result of vast diversities, a vast range of architectural specimens have evolved, retaining a certain amount of continuity across history. Indian architecture, belonging to different periods of history, bears the stamp of respective periods. Though the cities of Indus Valley provide substantial evidence of extensive town planning, the beginnings of Indian architecture can be traced back to the advent of Buddhism in India. It was in this period that a large number of magnificent buildings came up. Some of the highlights of Buddhist art and architecture are the Great Stupa at Sanchi and the rock-cut caves at Ajanta. With the establishment of Hindu kingdoms in South India, the south Indian school of architecture began to flourish. The most notable achievements of the Pallava rulers were the rock-cut temples of Mahabalipuram and the temples of Kanchipuram. The Chola, Hoyasala and Vijayanagar rulers also did remarkable job in the field of architecture. The templesat Thanjavur, Belur and Halebid bear testimony to the architectural excellence of the South Indian rulers. In north India, there developed a new a different style of architecture. This was called as the Nagara style architecture. In central India, the Chandela rulers built a magnificent temple complex at Khajuraho. With the coming of the Muslim rulers, there developed a new architectural style in India- the Indo-Islamic architecture. The Indo-Islamic style was neither strictly Islamic nor strictly Hindu. The architecture of the medieval period can be divided into two main categories. They are the Delhi or the Imperial Style and the Mughal Architecture. It was followed by a new style of architecture that developed as a result of colonization of India. This style of architecture came to be called as Indo-Saracenic. The Indo-Saracenic architecture combined the features of Hindu, Islamic and western elements. The colonial architecture exhibited itself through institutional, civic and utilitarian buildings such as post offices, railway stations, rest houses and government buildings.

INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

Produ Ana gr. IMC-1109

SOUTH INDIAN TEMPLE

Summary
The architecture of India is rooted in its history , culture and religion. The economic reforms of 1991 further bolstered the urban architecture of India as the country became more integrated with the world's economy. Traditional Vastu Shastra remains influential in India's architecture during the contemporary era. Indian architecture, which has evolved through centuries, is the result of socio-economic and geographical conditions. Different types of Indian architectural styles include a mass of expressions over space and time. Indian architecture, belonging to different periods of history, bears the stamp of respective periods. The beginnings of Indian architecture can be traced back to the advent of Buddhism in India. It was in this period that a large number of magnificent buildings came up. With the establishment of Hindu kingdoms in South India, the south Indian school of architecture began to flourish. The most notable achievements of the Pallava rulers were the rock-cut temples of Mahabalipuram and the temples of Kanchipuram. The Chola, Hoyasala and Vijayanagar rulers also did remarkable job in the field of architecture. In north India, there developed a new a different style of architecture.In central India, the Chandela rulers built a magnificent temple complex at Khajuraho. The Indo-Islamic style was neither strictly Islamic nor strictly Hindu. The other style of architecture called Indo-Saracenic. The Indo-Saracenic architecture combined the features of Hindu, Islamic and western elements.

Vocabulary
Exhibit - Object displayed in a museum or an exhibition. (exponat) Utilitarian - Which provides useful basis, which aims to useful purposes. (utilitar) Cave- a large natural hollow deep underground and with exit to the surface (peter) Millennia-old - a thousand years, a millennium (milenar) Testimony - Which serves to confirm a truth (mrturie) Bolstered- a produce un impuls; a stimula, (impulsionat) Stamp - an inscription or logo, which documents stamped (tampil) To evolve - Pass through a series of transformations (a evolua) Colonization- To populate a country or a region conquered by people brought from other areas or countries.(colonizare) Trace- Sign that was left by someone or some place where he last (urm)

ARHITECTURA INDIEI
Arhitectura din India i are rdcinile n istoria, cultura si religie. Arhitectura indian a progresat cu timpul i asimilat multe influene care a venit ca urmare a discursului la nivel mondial din India discursul cu alte regiuni ale lumii . Metodele arhitecturale practicate n India sunt un rezultat al examinarii i punerii n aplicare a tradiiilor de constructie stabilite i a interaciunilor culturale n afara. Dei vechi, aceast tradiie de Est a inclus, de asemenea, valori moderne, ca India a devenit un stat-naiune modern. Reformele economice din 1991 susinut n continuare arhitectura urban a Indiei ca ara a devenit mai integrat cu economia mondial. Vastu Shastra tradiional rmne influent n arhitectura India, n timpul epocii contemporane. Una dintre realizrile cele mai de durat ale civilizaiei indiene este, fr ndoial, arhitectura. Arhitectura indiana, care a evoluat de-a lungul secolelor, este rezultatul a condiiilor socio-economice i geografice. Diferite tipuri de stiluri arhitectonice indiene include o mas de expresii n spaiu i timp, transformate de ctre forele de istorie a Indiei considerate unice. Ca urmare a diversitilor vaste, o gama larga de exemplare arhitecturale au evoluat, meninerea o anumit cantitate de continuitate a lungul istoriei. Arhitectura indian, aparinnd diferitelor perioade ale istoriei, poart tampila de perioadele respective. Dei oraele din valea Indusului furnizeaz dovezi substaniale de urbanism extinse, nceputurile arhitecturii indiene pot fi urmrite napoi la apariia budismului n India. Acesta a fost n aceast perioad c au venit un numr mare de cldiri magnifice. Unele dintre punctele culminante ale artei i arhitecturii budiste sunt Stupa Mare la Sanchi i peterile de roca tiate la Ajanta. Odat cu nfiinarea de regate hinduse din India de Sud, coala de sud indian de arhitectura a inceput sa infloreasca. Realizrile cele mai notabile ale conductorilor Pallava au fost templele taiate in piatra de Mahabalipuram i temple ale Kanchipuram. Conductorii Chola, Hoyasala i Vijayanagar au facut, de asemenea, locuri de munc remarcabile n domeniul arhitecturii. Thanjavur templesat, Belur i poart mrturie Halebid a excelenei arhitecturale ale conductorilor de Sud indian. n nordul Indiei, au dezvoltat un stil nou de arhitectura. n India central, Guvernanii Chandela a construit un complex magnific templu la Khajuraho. Odat cu venirea conductorilor musulmani, sa dezvoltat un nou stil arhitectural n Indiaarhitecturala indo-islamice. Stilul indo-islamice nu a fost nici strict islamice, nici strict hindus. Arhitectura perioadei medievale pot fi mprite n dou categorii principale. Ele sunt Delhi sau Stil Imperial i Arhitectur Mughal. Acesta a fost urmat de un nou stil de arhitectur care au dezvoltat ca urmare a colonizarii din India. Acest stil de arhitectur a ajuns s fie numit ca indo-Saracenic. Arhitectura indo-Saracenic a combinat caracteristicile hinduse, islamice i elemente de vest. Arhitectura coloniala n sine expuse prin cldiri instituionale, civice si utilitare, cum ar fi oficiile potale, staiile de cale ferat, case de odihn i cldiri guvernamentale.