Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Agenda
10:00 Introduction
10:15
11:00 11:15 12:00 13:00 14:30 15:00 16:00
HVAC Basics
Break AHU Components Lunch Control Theory B1 HVAC Overview Tour of B1 plant rooms Re-cap and Questions
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HVAC Fundamentals
Common Complaints
What is the possible or probable cause of each complaint? And how would we remedy each? Too hot Too cold Too drafty Too stuffy Too noisy Too stinky
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HVAC Fundamentals
What is Heating? The addition of thermal energy - Heat is added to produce a warmer, more comfortable environment.
What is Cooling? The removal of thermal energy - Heat is removed to produce a cooler, more comfortable environment. Cooling is not added, rather heat is removed!
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HVAC Fundamentals
What is Humidity?
Its got a LOT to do with COMFORT! Relative Humidity (RH). - ratio between the actual and the maximum water vapour the air can hold presented as a percentage. Amount of water vapour depends on temperature of the air; its all relative. - Increases when the temperature falls. - Decreases as temperature rises. Absolute humidity is a true measure of moisture content. Wet bulb and dry bulb temperature measurement will reveal all.
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HVAC Fundamentals
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HVAC Fundamentals
Examples of Conduction: Cooling and heating coils. Cooling system in an car engine. Heat gain through walls. Heat loss through walls.
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HVAC Fundamentals
Convection Colder air is more dense.
Examples of Convection: Gravity system heating; warm air rises! Radiators causes air convection. Things that aid heat convection - unrestricted airflow paths. - volume of the transfer medium. - specific heat of the transfer medium.
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HVAC Fundamentals
Heat radiation takes the form of infrared waves heat waves travel through a transparent medium until it strikes a solid surface. Solid material absorbs the radiation and gets warmer. Examples of Radiation transfer: Sun shining on dark pavement. A patio heater. An overhead radiant unit heater. Things that affect radiation - colour of surfaces - emissivity of glass. - reflective surfaces.
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HVAC Fundamentals
Determining Heating and Cooling Loads:
Design indoor conditions - what are the comfort requirements? - Target temperatures and relative humidity. (for human comfort usually 21C and 50%RH) Design outdoor conditions - Geographic location. - Winter and summer dimension. - Use ASHRAE data.
Equipment then sized to meet Design Conditions
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System Components
What do we need to monitor 1. Temperature For heat transfer the final control element is a valve positioned by an actuator that controls the flow of water/steam. 2. Relative Humidity Correction can be humidifier and dehumidifier. 3. CO2- Damper positioned by an actuator controlling flow of fresh air into the system. 4. Static Pressure sensor Fan speed control. 5. Outside air Temp/RH 6. Filter status 7. Fan status
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Energy Use
Typical commercial building
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System Components
Boilers 1 produce hot water (or sometimes steam) for distribution to the working space. This is done either by heating coils 2 which heat circulated air, or through hot water pipes to radiators 3 Cooling equipment 4 chills water and circulates through cooling coils 5. Air is then blown through the chilled water coils into the space 6. As part of the refrigeration cycle, heat must also be rejected from the system via a cooling tower or air condenser 7. Pumps are used throughout the system to circulate the chilled and hot water to the required areas throughout the building. Stale air is extracted, usually using a fan, via separate ducts and expelled outside 8
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System Components
Controls are used to orchestrate the heat transfer process. They turn equipment on or off and adjust chillers and boilers, air and water flow rates, temperatures and pressures. A controller incorporating one or more temperature sensors 9 inside the workspace sends a signal to the heating or cooling coil actuators. When there is a demand for heating or cooling the controls also send a signal to the chiller and boiler to enable as required. Chillers and boilers often have their own control panels.
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Heat Coil
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Boilers
Steam Boiler
Steam (kW out)
Heat Coil
Steam traps
Heat Coil
condensate
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Staged boilers
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Condensing Boiler
The flue gases are cooled to the point where water vapor condenses out of the fuel/air mixture. Hence the name.
High efficiency condensing boilers convert more than 87-97% of their fuel into heat, compared to 78% for conventional types.
They have either a larger or a second heat exchanger, which releases latent heat that would otherwise escape up the flue.
High efficiency condensing boilers can be oil or gas. Condensing boilers are the boiler of choice for all modern installations.
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Burner Types
On / Off System This is the simplest control system, and it means that either the burner is firing at full design rate, or it is off. The disadvantage of ON/OFF is that the boiler is subjected to large and often frequent thermal shock every time the boiler fires. Its use is limited to small boilers. Every time the burner shuts down and re-starts, the system must be purged by blowing cold air through the boiler passages. This wastes energy and reduces efficiency. Advantage: Its cheap High / Low This is a slightly more complex system where the burner has two firing rates. The burner operates first at the lower firing rate and then switches to full firing as needed, thereby overcoming the worst of the thermal shock. The burner can also revert to the low fire position at reduced loads, again limiting thermal stresses within the boiler. Modulating A modulating burner will alter the firing rate to match the boiler load over the whole load range. Full modulation means that the boiler keeps firing over the whole range to match the load and minimize thermal stress.
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Heat Exchangers
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Heat Exchangers
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Basic Refrigeration
What are Btus?
Definition: Heat required to raise 1 lb. water 1 F. Heat can be sensible or latent.
300
vapor superheating
Sensible heat
Sensible Heat
Sensible Heat
Temperatur e in deg. F.
vapor cooling
212 200
liquid heating liquid cooling
Other liquids, like Freon, behave similarly, but at differing temperatures depending on pressure.
100
Ice melting Water freezing
Ice warming
32 0 16
Ice cooling
144
180
970
44
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Refrigeration
Basic refrigeration cycle:
This is a liquid to air heat pump. Notice the cut line between the high pressure side and the low pressure side. Refrigeration works because of this pressure difference.
Metering device EVAPORATOR LPL HPL Liquid line Cooled Air Hot Air CONDENSER
HPV
LPV
Freezer application
Heat is absorbed in the evaporator thereby reducing the surrounding air temperature. The condenser is located outside the building. Often referred to as a Split unit system.
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Chiller Plant
Chilled water is used to cool the building.
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Chiller components
Typical evaporator
Water passing through the evaporator gives up heat as the liquid refrigerant boils (evaporates).
Side view
Refrigerant vapour outlet Chilled water outlet (7C) Chilled water inlet (13C) shell Refrigerant liquid inlet
tubes
end view
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Chiller components
Typical Condenser Water passing through the condenser absorbs heat as the refrigerant vapour condenses.
Side view
Refrigerant vapor inlet
tubes
end view
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Chiller components
Chiller and Tower
The refrigerant loop is basically the same as a split unit air conditioner. Its all about heat transfer!
Hot, moist air out
Heat out
evaporator
Heat in
CHWR
CHWS
CDWR
Heat out
Cool out
compressor
Cool in
Outdoor air in
CDWS
condenser
Cool in
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Dampers
Used to regulate air flow through an HVAC system.
Direct and regulate the flow of air in a system. Distribute the conditioned air into the building space. Enable critical smoke and fire control schemes. Used in containment and pressurization schemes. Unitary equipment also utilize dampers.
Dampers can be compared to water valves; they exhibit many of the same control elements and must be correctly sized.
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Damper Design
Blade design: single, multi, 3-V, airfoil, etc. Blade rotation: parallel or opposed. Shape: round or rectangle. Leakage rating: standard or low leakage.
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Damper Construction
Parallel Blade vs. Opposed Blade Designs
Each have their specific applications
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Return
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HTG
In a Face/Bypass application, air flow is laminar, slips through the coil fins more efficiently.
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Damper Applications
Face and Bypass Dampers
Providing heat Control. Inherent freeze protection.
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Damper Applications
Terminal boxes:
Regulate air flow into the space.
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Damper Actuators
Actuator Types
Pneumatic Electric Direct coupled Spring return Low torque / High torque
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Valves
Valves come in many shapes and sizes. Control valves are designed to regulate the flow of a liquid.
Linear Motion
Single Seated Valve Suitable for tight shut off. Large valves will require powerful actuator to overcome the pressure acting upwards on the stem.
Double Seated Valve Pressure on the stem is equalised therefore requires less force to close. Not suitable for tight shut off as one seat will close before the other due to valve or stem heat expansion
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AB
AB
B Diverting Valve Liquid flow in port AB Position of the valve stem will regulate the proportion of liquid passing to A port or B port.
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Mixing Valve Position of the valve stem will regulate the liquid mix between A port and B port.
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Mixing valves
AB B
AB B
Depending on the scheme the valve may be positioned in the flow or return.
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Diverting valves
AB
A B
AB B
Depending on the scheme the valve may be positioned in the flow or return.
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Valves
If the controlled variable is air temperature and the valve were controlling the flow of hot water to a heater battery then there should be a linear relationship between the valve position and the change in air temperature.
100%
Heat output
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Valves
Ideally, a control system has a linear response over its entire load operating range.
The sensitivity of the control to a change in temperature is then constant throughout the entire control range. A valve needs to be selected that can provides this linear system response.
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Linear Valves
100%
Flow
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A valve which changes flow by an equal percentage regardless of flow rate. These valves are designed to compensate for non-linear heat transfer characteristics of heating coils.
100%
100%
Heat output
Flow
0% 0% Flow 100%
0% 0%
Valve position
100%
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Flow Characteristics
Linearity of system response determines a valves flow characteristic.
Heat output
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Temperature Sensors
Resistance Temperature Devices (RTDs) change resistance with varying temperature. RTDs have a positive temperature coefficient (resistance increases with temperature). Example: PT100 PT1000 BALCO 500 Thermistors are solid-state resistance-temperature sensors with a negative temperature coefficient. Example: NTC 20K NTC10K
08/03/2014
Temperature Sensors
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Humidity Sensors
- Capacitance relative to dielectric gap - Humidity changes gap distance - Signal proportionate to humidity
level
H7015 : DUCT RELATIVE HUMIDITY SENSOR
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Dehumidification
Cooling coil used to reduce the moisture content. Reheat coil will bring the supply air to the required temperature.
08/03/2014
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CO2 Sensor
AQS 71-KAM
CO2 measurement range 0...3000 ppm corresponding to 0...0.3% CO2 State-of-the-art Non-Dispersion-Infrared (NDIR) technology to measure carbon dioxide gas.
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Humidifier
Damper
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Re-circ Air
Mixed Air
Building Environment
Joe cool
OA RA EA Air Handling Unit Hot water system Chilled water system Fan Htg & Clg Coils supply air distribution system
Boiler
Chiller
Cooling Tower
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