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Acids and Bases

PGCC CHM 101 Sinex

General properties
ACIDS Taste sour Turn litmus React with active metals Fe, Zn

BASES Taste bitter Turn litmus Feel soapy or slippery (react with fats to make soap) React with acids

React with bases


blue to red red to blue

Definitions
Arrehenius
only in water

Acids produce H+ Bases - produce OH-

Acids donate H+ Bronsted-Lowry Bases accept H+


any solvent

Lewis

used in organic chemistry, wider range of substances

Acids accept e- pair Bases donate e- pair

The hydrogen ion in aqueous solution


H+ + H2O H3O+ (hydronium ion)

Examples
Arrhenius Bronsted-Lowry
Lewis
HCl HCl
BF3 NaOH

HCN

NH3

:NH3

The Bronsted-Lowry Concept


Conjugate pairs
HCl ClCH3COOH CH3COO-

NH4+ NH3

HNO3 NO3-

How does a conjugate pair differ?

H+ transfer

Neutralization
In general: Acid + Base Salt + Water
All neutralization reactions are double displacement reactions.

HCl + NaOH

NaCl + HOH

HCl + Mg(OH)2 H2SO4 + NaHCO3

Does pure water conduct electrical current?


Water is a very, very, very weak electrolyte.
How are (H+) and (OH-) related? (H+)(OH-) = 10-14

H2O H+ + OH-

For pure water: (H+) = (OH-) = 10-7M

This is neutrality and at 25oC is a pH = 7.


water

Lets examine the behavior of an acid, HA, in aqueous solution.


HA

What happens to the HA molecules in solution?

100% dissociation of HA HA
H+ AWould the solution be conductive?

Strong Acid

Partial dissociation of HA HA
H+ AWould the solution be conductive?

Weak Acid

HA H+ + AHA
H+ A-

Weak Acid
At any one time, only a fraction of the molecules are dissociated.

Strong and Weak Acids/Bases


Strong acids/bases 100% dissociation into ions

HCl HNO3 H2SO4

NaOH KOH

Weak acids/bases partial dissociation, both ions and molecules

CH3COOH

NH3

acid rain (NOx, SOx) pH of 4.2 - 4.4 in Washington DC area

pH
6 7 8 9 10 11 12

0-14 scale for the chemists


2 3 4 5

acidic (H+) > (OH-) normal rain (CO2) pH = 5.3 5.7

neutral @ 25oC (H+) = (OH-) distilled water fish populations drop off pH < 6 and to zero pH < 5

basic or alkaline (H+) < (OH-) natural waters pH = 6.5 - 8.5

across United States in 2001 You are here!

pH of Rainwater

Why is the eastern US more acidic?


http://nadp.sws.uiuc.edu/isopleths

What is acid rain?


Dissolved carbon dioxide lowers the pH CO2 (g) + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-

Atmospheric pollutants from combustion


NO, NO2 + H2O HNO3 SO2, SO3 + H2O H2SO4 pH < 5.3 both strong acids

Behavior of oxides in water Group A


1A 2A

basic

amphoteric

acidic
3A 4A 5A 6A 7A

8A

Group B

Db

105

107

Bh

basic: Na2O + H2O 2NaOH (O-2 + H2O 2OH-)

acidic: CO2 + H2O H2CO3

When life goes either way amphoteric (amphiprotic) substances


Acting like a base

HCO3-

Acting like an acid

H+ H2CO3

- H+ CO3-2
donates H+

accepts H+

pH
The biological view in the human body acidic
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

basic/alkaline
8 9 10 11

Tortora & Grabowski, Prin. of Anatomy & Physiology, 10th ed., Wiley (2003)

Does the pH influence the activity of an enzyme?

Trypsin is a digestive enzyme. Where? Intestinal pH range 7.0-8.5

The amino acid glycine - amphoteric Its an acid and a base!

Gain of H+

Loss of H+

H3N+-CH2-COOH H2N-CH2-COOH

H2N-CH2-COOChime structure

The amino acid glycine - Zwitterion formation Transfer of H+ from carboxylic acid group to amine group.

A dipolar ion forms.

H2N-CH2-COOH Chime structure H3N+-CH2-COOintramolecular acid-base reaction

Show how water can be amphoteric. H2O + H+ - H+

Dilution
water (solvent) solute

moles of solute remain constant


diluted, Mfinal molesinitial = molesfinal Vinitial

Vfinal

concentrated, Minitial
adding water lowers the solute concentration

Mfinal x Vfinal = Minitial x Vinitial

Titration Calculation
HCl + NaOH
indicator

NaCl + HOH

A way to analyze solutions!


at equivalence point: moleHCl = moleNaOH

moles = M x VL

Macid x Vinitial acid = Mbase x Vburet

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