1

Kompresibiltas
batuan reservoir
Terjadi kompaksi pada
batuan sediment
2
Porositas akan turun yang besarnya
ditentukan oleh maksimum burial depth
Over burden pressure
Yang efeknya adalah :
Changes in packing
Pressure solution
Recrystallization
Deformation of rock fragments
Compaction effects are not reversed by
erosional unroofing (hysteresis effect)

Akibat kompaksi pada batuan
sedimen maka :
3
MECHANICS OF COMPACTION
Modified from Jonas and McBride, 1977
Platy Grains
(e.g., clays)
Non-Platy Grains
(e.g., qtz., feldspar)
Rotation and Closer
Packing
Ductile Grain
Deformation
Breakage of
Brittle Grains
Pressure Solution
At Grain
Contacts
Ductile Framework
Grain, e.g., Shale Rock
Fragment)
4
Relationship of Original Formation
Porosity to Overburden Pressure
50
Overburden pressure, psi
30
40
20
10
0
0 1,000 3,000 2,000 4,000 5,000 6,000
Sandstones
Shales
5
Isothermal Compressibility
General Definition
The relative volume change of matter per
unit pressure change under conditions of
constant temperature
Usually, petroleum reservoirs can be
considered isothermal (an exception: thermal
stimulation)
Increasing pressure causes volume of material
to decrease (compression) - e.g. reservoir
fluids
Decreasing pressure causes volume of material
to increase (expansion) - e.g. reservoir fluids
6
Isothermal Compressibility
General Equation

C: Coefficient of Isothermal Compressibility
ALWAYS positive value
oilfield units: 1/psia
V: Volume
oilfield units: ft
3

p: Pressure exerted on material
oilfield units: psia
Negative sign in equation determined by cV/cp
term, to force the coefficient C to be positive
Volume is a function of pressure only (temperature
is constant, and amount of material is constant)
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
p
V
V
1
C
7
Formation Compressibility
Importance
Formation compressibility can have a significant
impact on reservoir performance
Subsidence can have significant environmental
impact
Types
Matrix Compressibility ( C
m
): relative change in
volume of solid rock material (grain volume) per
unit pressure change (usually C
m
~ 0).
Pore Compressibility ( C
f
): relative change in
pore volume per unit pressure change.
Bulk Compressibility ( C
b
): relative change in
bulk volume per unit pressure change ( usually
AV
b
~ AV
p
). Significant decrease in bulk volume
can cause subsidence.
8
FORMATION COMPRESSIBILITY
FO
FM FF
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
p
V
V
1
C
p
p
f
Under static conditions, downward
overburden force must be balanced by
upward forces of the matrix and fluid in
pores
2. Thus:

p p p
F F F
m o
f m o
+ =
+ =
AND
3.
1.
As fluids are produced from reservoir, fluid pressure (p) usually
decreases while overburden is constant, and:
(a) force on matrix increases ( net compaction pressure,
p
m
=p
o
-p)
(b) bulk volume decreases, and
(c) pore volume decreases.
4.
Pressure Gradients,
Normal Reservoirs:
dp
o
/dZ = 1.0 psia/ft
dp/dZ = 0.465 psia/ft

9
Formation Compressibility
Equation


C
f
: Formation Compressibility (Pore Volume Comp.)
ALWAYS positive value
oilfield units: 1/psia
V
p
: Pore volume
oilfield units: ft
3

p: Pressure of fluid in pores
oilfield units: psia
Positive sign in equation determined by cV
p
/cp term, to
force C
f
to be positive
Pore volume is function of pressure only (temperature is
constant, amount of reservoir rock is constant)
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
p
V
V
1
C
p
p
f
10
Subsidence and Bulk Compressibility
- Process of subsidence
- Bulk volume decreases as fluids are produced
- Area is constant
- Formation thickness decreases (causing subsidence of strata
above)
- Porosity: | = V
p
/V
b
= 1-(V
m
/V
b
); where V
b
=V
p
+V
m
- Net compaction pressure: p
m
= p
o
- p
- Overburden (p
o
) is constant dp
m
= -dp
- As net compaction pressure increases
- Bulk volume decreases; C
b
= -1/V
b
(cV
b
/cp
m
)
- Pore volume decreases; C
f
= -1/V
p
(cV
p
/cp
m
)
- Matrix volume decreases; C
m
= -1/V
m
(cV
m
/cp
m
)
- Substituting from definitions above
- C
b
= (-1/V
b
) [(cV
p
/cp
m
) + (cV
m
/cp
m
)

]
- C
b
= (-1/V
b
) [(- C
f
V
p
) + (- C
m
V
m
)]
- C
b
= |C
f
+ (1-|)C
m
; usually C
m
<< C
f
11
Formation Compressibility
Calculation of Pore Volume Change

Separate


and Integrate


Two common approaches for constant value of C
f

Exact Integration
1st Order Approximation


p
p
f
V
V
1
p C d d =
} }
=
p2
p1
2
1
V
V
p
p
p
p
f
V
V
1
p C d d
12
Formation Compressibility
Pore Volume Change - Continued

Exact Integration


Exponentiating (Inverse of Natural Logarithm) and
rearranging


OR
| | | |
p2
p1
2
1
V
V
p
p
p f
) V ln( p C =
) p (p C
p1 p2
1 2 f
e V V

=
| | 1 e V V
) p (p C
p1 p
1 2 f
= A

13
Formation Compressibility
Pore Volume Change - Continued

1st Order Approximation


| | ) p (p C 1 V V
) p (p C V V
p p
V V
V
1
C
p
V
V
1
p
V
V
1
C
1 2 f p1 p2
1 2 f p1 p
1 2
p1 p2
p1
f
p
p
p
p
f
+ =
= A
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
A
A
~
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
d
d
14
Laboratory Determination of C
f

In reservoirs, overburden pressure is
constant and the pressure of fluid in pores
changes, resulting in pore volume change
In the laboratory, we change the confining
pressure on the core plug (overburden) while
holding the pore pressure constant
Remember that the net compaction pressure
on the matrix is the difference between the
overburden and pore pressures
This allows us to obtain useful results in the
laboratory
15
Laboratory Determination of C
f

Laboratory Procedure
Core plug is 100% saturated with brine
Core plug is placed in rubber or soft copper sleeve
As pressure outside sleeve is increased, pore
volume decreases and the volume of expelled
brine is measured
p
confining

16
Hysteresis Effect - Formation Compressibility
Hysteresis: The lagging of an effect behind its cause, as
when the change in magnetism of a body lags behind
changes in the magnetic field. (definition from
dictionary.com, 2002)
Hysteresis is used by Petroleum Engineers to describe the
effects of path dependence and irreversibilities we observe
in reservoir behavior
For example, if we decrease reservoir pressure from initial
conditions, pore volume decreases. If we then increase reservoir
pressure back to the initial pressure, pore volume does not increase
all the way back to the initial pore volume.
P
o
r
e

V
o
l
u
m
e

Pore Pressure
Initial
Conditions