Intermolecular forces of attraction

Learning Objectives
Differentiate between polar and non polar molecules State the names of different types of intermolecular forces of attraction and differentiate between them Explain the terms dipole dipole , instantaneous dipole induced dipole attractions and hydrogen bonding Describe the effects of attractive forces on the physical properties of substances ( This presentation is to enhance your understanding of the topic . This is only part of the syllabus)

Polarity
Separation of charge
An asymmetrical difference in electronegativity along a bond or in a molecule

The polar molecules with d+ and d- ends and non polar molecules without dipoles
Cl

dO

dN Al

d+

H
Cl

H
H

Cl

Cl

d+
Cl H

dS

O C

Cl

C
Cl

d+

Van der Waals Forces

Small, weak interactions between molecules

Van der Waals Forces

Intermolecular: between molecules (not a bond)
Intramolecular: bonds within molecules (stronger)

What is being attracted?

d+ attracted to d electrostatic attraction
e- s of one atom are attracted by another atoms nucleus e+ e+

Evidence of VDW Forces?

Non-polar molecules can exist as gases, liquids and solids. Example: CO2
O C O OC C O O O O OC C C O O O O

3 Types of Van der Waals Forces

1) dipole-dipole 2) permanent dipole - induced dipole 3) Instantaneous dipole induced dipole

Two polar molecules align so that d+ end of one molecule and d- end of another molecule are next to each other giving rise to electrostatic attraction between the two molecules. Lets look at:
fluromethane (CH3F) and ethane (C2H6) on the next slide

Dipole-Dipole

Fluoromethane (CH3F) boiling point = 194.7 K polar or non-polar?

H H

C
H

d+

d-

d+
Dipole-Dipole

C
H

d-

Ethane (C2H6) boiling point = 184.5 K polar or non-polar?

H H C H H C H H
Temporary Dipole - temporaryDipole

H H C H

H C H H

Permanent Dipole - Induced Dipole

A permanent dipole can induce (cause) a temporary dipole in a Neighbouring non-polar molecule
The molecules then line up So that d+ end of one molecule and dend of another molecule attract each other.

Example
d+ H Cl dd+ ee-e e e-

e-- e- e- ee e- e- e- e- e-e e e

Ar

d-

INDUCED A Permanent DIPOLE DIPOLE non- polar ( polar molecule) molecule Permanent Dipole Induced Dipole (weak and short-lived)

Dispersion Forces or instantaneous dipole induced dipole forces

A temporary dipole forms in a non-polar molecule which leads to a temporary dipole to form in ANOTHER non-polar molecule
Dispersion is the ONLY intermolecular attraction that occurs between non-polar molecules

Dispersion Forces
d+
ee eee- e e-

Cl-Cl

e-

e - ee - de e ee

- e-

e d+

e-

- ee- e e e - e- ee e de- e- ee-e- e- e-

Cl-Cl

INDUCED DIPOLE Non-polar Non-polar Dispersion (weakest and very short-lived)

TEMPORARY DIPOLE

Review Intermolecular forces

Dipole Dipole between two polar molecules Dipole Induced Dipole between a polar & a non-polar molecule Instantaneous dipole induced dipole or Dispersion between two non-polar molecules

Hydrogen Bonding
Is the STRONGEST Intermolecular Force!! Occurs only if hydrogen in a molecule is bonded to a F, O or a N atom

Ice

Liquid

Hydrogen Bonding
Hydrogen bonds keep water in the liquid state over a wide range of temperatures than is found for any other molecule of its Size Hydrogen bonded to either of F, O or N, (the 3 most electronegative elements in the periodic table); is highly deficient in electrons and so is easily attracted by the lone pair of electrons on F, O or N of another molecule

Hydrogen bonds account for the high boiling point of water

Expansion of Ice
Ice expands when water freezes compared to most substances that contract on freezing This is due to the presence of hydrogen bonding between water molecules Ice as a result gets an open structure, which makes it less dense than liquid water.

Ponds Freezing
Solid water (ice) has a lower density than liquid water

Why can liquid water change to vapor at room temperature?

High energy molecules escape leaving the low energy molecules behind Evaporation occurs at all temperatures
# particles
low KE

ave KE

high KE

Volatile Substances
Easily evaporate Have weak attractive forces between the particles Have low boiling point Have high vapor pressure

Non-volatile substances
Do not easily evaporate Have strong attractive forces between the particles Have high boiling point Have Low vapor pressure

Boiling
Boiling occurs when Vapor Pressure = Atmospheric Pressure
When Vapor Pressure = 760 mmHg, Boiling Point of water = 100oC

Boiling and Evaporation

What is the difference between evaporation and boiling? Evaporation: occurs at any temperature; high energy molecules escape Boiling: occurs when vapor pressure = atmospheric pressure