Chapter 2

MEC 551
THERMAL ENGINEERING
1 Global Aspiration A World Class University

CHAPTER 2
CONDUCTION
Introduction
The driving force for any heat transfer is temperature
difference
Some heat transfer problems in engineering application
require the determination of temperature distribution (the
variation of temperature ) throughout the medium
This approach is required in order to calculate some
quantities of interest such as the local heat transfer rate,
thermal stress and thermal expansion at some critical
location at specified times
The first thing is defining the specification of the location
of that point and can be done by using;

a) Rectangular coordinate b) cylindrical coordinate c) spherical coordinate
rectangular (T(x, y, z, t)) cylindrical (T(r, |, z, t)) spherical (T(r, |, u, t))
Steady versus transient heat transfer
Steady (or steady state) implies no change with time at
any point within the medium
Transient or unsteady implies variation with time or time
dependance
Most heat transfer problems encountered in practice are
transien in nature
However, in order to study the heat transfer analysis, the
steady state of heat transfer is always considered.

Multidimensional Heat Transfer
Two-dimensional- the temparature in a medium in some
cases varies mainly in two primary direction and
variation in third direction is negligible
One-dimensional- if the temperature in the medium
varies in one direction only
In most cases, heat transfer through a medium is 3-
Dimensional

Fouriers Law of Heat Conduction
n
T
kA Q
n
o
o
=
-
Where n= the normal of isothermal surface at point P
x
T
kA Q
x
o
o
=
-
y
T
kA Q
y
o
o
=
-
z
T
kA Q
z
o
o
=
-
One-dimensional Heat Conduction Equation
Large plane wall
Energy balance
Rate of heat storage = Net rate of heat into element + rate of heat generation

Differential volume
dV = Adx

Heat conduction rate in X-direction

x
T
kA dQ
x
o
o
=
-
We use Taylors Series expansion to derive the equation;

The net rate of flow in the x-direction becomes;

.... ) ( ) ( ) (
'
+ + = + x f h x f h x f
dx
x
Q
x Q d dx x Q d + = +
-
- -
o
o o ) (
) ( ) (
2
2
) (
x
T
kAdx
x
T
kA dx x Q d
o
o
o
o
= +
-
\
|
|
|
.
|
=
+
- -
2
2
x
T
kAdx
x
T
kA
x
T
kA Q d Q d
dx x x
o
o
o
o
o
o
2
2
x
T
kAdx Q d Q d
dx x x
o
o
=
+
- -
In addition to the heat flow into and out of the element,
there is also possibilities of:

1) Heat being generated within the element( eg; due to the
flow of electricity)

2) Heat being stored within the element as in the case of
an unsteady-state condition

Adx q dV q =
- -
' '
x
T
Adx C
x
T
dV C
P p
o
o
o
o
o
o =
From energy balance;

Dividing by Adx

Dividing by k

Thermal diffusity represents how fast heat propagates
through a material

Adx q
x
T
kAdx
x
T
Adx C
P
'
2
2
-
+ =
o
o
o
o
o
'
2
2
-
+ = q
x
T
k
x
T
C
P
o
o
o
o
o
k
q
x
T
x
T
k
C
P
'
2
2
-
+ =
o
o
o
o o
p
C
k
o =
Lastly, constant conductivity will be;

Some conditions need to be considered;
1) Steady-state ( )

2) Transient, no heat generation

3) Steady-state and no heat generation

k
q
x
T
t
T
-
+ =
' 1
2
2
o
o
o
o
o
0 =
t o
o
0
'
2
2
= +
-
k
q
dx
T d
2
2
1
x
T
t
T
o
o
o
o
o
=
0
2
2
=
dx
T d
Long cylinder
Lets do the derivation together;
Constant conductivity will be;

1) Steady-state

1) Transient, no heat generation

3) Steady-state and no heat generation

t
T
k
q
r
T
r
r r o
o
o o
o
o
o 1 ' 1
= +
-
0
' 1
= +
-
k
q
dr
dT
r
dr
d
r
t
T
r
T
r
r r o
o
o o
o
o
o 1 1
=
0 =
|
.
|
\
|
dr
dT
r
dr
d
Fouriers Law of Conduction
(Rectangular Coordinates)
KJM 442
dQ
y
dQ
(y+dy)
dQ
z
dQ
(z+dz)
dQ
(x+dx)
dQ
x
dx
dz
dy
X
Z
Y
KJM 442
dz dy dx dV =
Differential volume
Conduction in the x-direction
( )
dx
dT
dz dy k
dx
dT
A k dQ
A
x
= =

dQ
x
dy
dz
KJM 442

dx
x
Q d
Q d
x
x
x
T
dx dz dy k
x
T
dz dy k dx x Q d
c
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
-
-
-
c
c
+
c
c
= +
2
2
) (
+
'
+ = + ) ( ) ( ) ( x f h x f h x f
+
c
|
.
|
\
|
c
+ = +
-
- -
dx
x
Q d
Q d dx x Q d
x
x
) (
KJM 442
2
2
2
2
z
T
dz dy dx k Q d Q d
y
T
dz dy dx k Q d Q d
dz z z
dy y y
c
c
=
c
c
=
+
- -
+
- -
The same applies to the y- and z-direction:
2
2
2
2
x
T
dz dy dx k
x
T
dydzdx k
x
T
dydz k
x
T
dydz k Q d Q d
dx x x
c
c
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c

c
c
=
+
- -
The net rate of flow in the x-direction becomes:
KJM 442
In addition to the heat flow into and out of the element, there
is also the possibilities of:
1. Heat being generated within the element (e.g.
due to the flow of electricity).
( ) dz dy dx q dV q
volume per
generated
heat of rate

'
=
'
- -
KJM 442
2. Heat being stored within the element, as in the
case of an unsteady-state condition.

change
e temperatur
of rate
heat
specific
p
density
p
t
T
dz dy dx C
t
T
dV C
c
c
=
c
c

KJM 442
Rate of
Heat Storage
Net rate of
Heat into
Element
Rate of
Heat
Generation
=
+
Generation
Heat of Rate
element into Heat of Rate Net
2
2
2
2
2
2
Storage Heat of Rate
-
'
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
q
z
T
y
T
x
T
k
t
T
C
P


KJM 442
P
C
k
o
Thermal diffusivity (i.e. the ratio of
heat conduction to heat storage)
~
Generation
Heat of Rate
element into Heat of Rate Net
2
2
2
2
2
2
Storage Heat of Rate
1
k
q
z
T
y
T
x
T
t
T
-
'
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c

o
Substituting in, this equation becomes the general
differential conduction equation for rectangular coordinates:
KJM 442
Special cases:
1) Fourier equation (no heat generation, q =0):

2) Poisson equation (steady state, cT/ct =0):

3) Laplace equation (steady state with no heat generation):

|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
z
T
y
T
x
T
t
T
o
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z
T
y
T
x
T
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
=
'
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
k
q
z
T
y
T
x
T
KJM 442
Fouriers Law of Conduction
(Spherical Coordinates)
y
x
z z
y
x
r
u

T(r,,u)
KJM 442
ru
u
z
rdu
q
(u)
q
(u+du)
y
x
r
u
d
rsinud
rdu
du
dr
q
(r+dr)
q
(r)
q
(+d)
q
()

KJM 442
Differential volume
( ) ( ) ( )
u u |
| u u
sin
sin
2
=
=
dr d d r
d r rd dr dV
Heat conduction rate in r-direction (into element):
( ) ( )
r
T
rd d r k Q d
A
r
c
c
=
-

u | u sin
r
T
d d kr
c
c
= u u | sin
2
q
(r)
rdu
KJM 442
(
c
c

c
c

+
c
c
=
c
|
.
|
\
|
c
+ =
-
-
+
-
2
2
2
2
) (
sin sin 2
sin
r
T
d d kr
r
T
d d kr dr
r
T
d d kr
r
Q d
dr Q Q d
r
r dr r
u u | u u |
u u |
q
(r+dr)
rdu
Heat conduction rate in r-direction (out of element):
KJM 442
Total heat conduction rate in r-direction:
(
c
c

c
c

c
c

c
c
=
+
- -
2
2
2
2 2
) (
sin sin 2
sin sin
r
T
d d kr
r
T
d d kr dr
r
T
d d kr
r
T
d d kr Q d Q d
dr r r
u u | u u |
u u | u u |
c
c
+
c
c
=
+
- -
2
2
2
) (
2 sin
r
T
r
r
T
r dr d d k Q d Q d
dr r r
u u |
KJM 442
( )
u
| u
u
| u
u
c
c
=
c
=
-
T
d dr k
d r
T
d r dr k Q d
A
sin
sin

q
(u)
dr
rsinud
Heat conduction rate in u -direction (into element):
KJM 442
Heat conduction rate in u -direction (out of element):
( )
u
u
u
u
u |
u
| u
u
u
u
u u u
d
T T
d dr k
T
d dr k
Q d
d Q d Q d
d
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
|
.
|
\
|
c
+ =
-
-
+
-
2
2
sin cos sin
q
(u+du)
dr
rsinud
KJM 442
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
+
- -
2
2
sin cos
u
u
u
u u |
u u u
T T
d d dr k Q d Q d
d
( )
u
u
u
u
u |
u
| u
u
| u
u u u
d
T T
d dr k
T
d dr k
T
d dr k Q d Q d
d
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c

c
c

c
c
=
+
- -
2
2
sin cos
sin sin
Total heat conduction rate in u -direction:

KJM 442
( )
| u
u
| u
u
|
c
c
=
c
c
=
-
T dr d k
r
T
dr d r k Q d
sin
sin
rdu
q
()
Heat conduction rate in -direction (into element):
KJM 442
Heat conduction rate in -direction (out of element):
rdu
q
(+d)
( )
2
2
sin sin | u
| u
| u
u
|
|
|
| | |
c
c

+
c
c

=
c
|
.
|
\
|
c
+ =
-
-
+
-
T d dr d k T dr d k
Q d
d Q d Q d
d
KJM 442
Total heat conduction rate in -direction:
( )
2
2
sin
sin sin
| u
| u
| u
u
| u
u
| | |
c
c
c
c
c
c

=
+
- -
T d dr d k
T dr d k T dr d k
dQ Q d
d
( )
2
2
sin | u
| u
| | |
c
c

=
+
- -
T d dr d k
Q d Q d
d
KJM 442
Rate of heat generation:
u u | sin
2

'
=
'
- -
d d dr r q dV q
Rate of heat storage:
t
T
d d dr r C
t
T
dV C
P P
c
c
=
c
c
u u | sin
2
KJM 442
Rate of
Heat Storage
Net rate of
Heat into
Element
Rate of
Heat
Generation
=
+
u u |
| u
u
u
u
u
u u
u |
u u |
sin
sin
1
sin cos
sin sin 2
sin
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

'
+
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c

=
c
c

-
d d dr r q
T
T T
r
T
r
r
T
r
d d dr k
t
T
d d dr r C
P

KJM 442
Divide by r
2
, sin(u), and k:

Recall: ~ thermal diffusivity
k
q T
r
T
r
T
r r
T
r
T
r
t
T
k
C
P
-
'
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
2
2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
sin
1 1 1
sin
cos 2
1
| u u u u
u
o

P
C
k
o
KJM 442
k
q T
r
T
r
T
r r
T
r
T
r t
T
T
r
r
T
r
r
r
-
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
'
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
2
2
2 2
sin
sin
1
2
2
2 2
1
2
2
sin
1
1 1
sin
cos 2 1
2
2
2
| u
u u u
u
o
u
u
u
u

k
q T
r
T
r r
T
r
r r
t
T
-
'
+
c
c
+
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
+
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
2
2
2 2 2
2
2
sin
1
sin
sin
1 1
1
| u u
u
u u
o
KJM 442
Homework
Derive the equations for cylindrical
coordinates
KJM 442
k
q
z
T T
r r
T
r
r r t
T
k
q
z
T T
r r
T
r r
T
t
T
r
T
r
r r

'
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
'
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
1 1 1
1 1 1
u o
u o
Boundary and Initial Conditions
The mathematical expressions of the thermal conditions
at the boundaries are called the boundary condition

The differential equation:

0
2
2
=
dx
T d
1
C
dx
dT
=
2 1
) ( C x C x T + =
Specified Temperature Boundary Conditions
T(0,t)=T
1
T(L, t)=T
2
Specified Heat Flux Boundary Conditions
x
T
k q
c
c
=
-
2
/ 50
) , 0 (
m W
x
t T
k =
c
c
2
/ 50
) , (
m W
x
t L T
k =
c
c
Special Case : Insulated Boundary

0
) , 0 (
=
c
c
x
t T
k
Convection Boundary Condition
| | ) , 0 (
) , 0 (
1 1
t T T h
x
t T
k =
c
c

| |
2 2
) , (
) , (
=
c
c
T t L T h
x
t L T
k
Example 2.1
Example 2.1 - One-dimensional steady-state heat
conduction (no heat generation):

Develop the expressions:
1) Temperature distribution T(x) within the slab.
2) Heat flow (Q), through the area (A) of the slab.
X
T
X=0 X=L
T
1

T
2
A, k
A slab (of thickness L)
with no energy
generation (q=0) has the
following boundary
conditions:
X= 0 ; T(0)= T
1
X= L ; T(L)= T
2
Example 2.2
Slab (Plane Wall)
Consider a slab of isotropic (invariable) thermal conductivity material (k)
with an heat generation rate of q(x) [W/m
3
].
Isotropic means: having properties that are identical in all directions.

T
X
1
2
T
1
T
2
dx
dT
k, A
q(x) q(x)
T
2
KJM 442
1-D Steady State Heat Conduction (RC)
k
q
z
T
y
T
x
T
t
T
-
'
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
o
, steady state , 1D , 1D
k
q
x
T
-
'
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
=
2
2
0
For: 0 s X s L
KJM 442
( )
2 1
2
1
2
2
2
C x C x
k
q
x T
C x
k
q
x
T
k
q
x
T
+ +
'
=
+
'
=
c
c
'
=
c
c
-
-
-
Solving the differential equation:
KJM 442
T
X
1
2
T
1
T
2
dx
dT
k, A
T
2
( )
L
k
q
L
T T
C
T L C L
k
q
T ii
T C i
2
2
)
)
1 2
1
1 1
2
2
1 2
-
-
'
+
=
+ +
'
=
=
Solving constants C
1
and C
2
using boundary conditions:
(i) x=0, T(x)= T
1
(ii) x=L, T(x)= T
2
KJM 442
( )
1
2
2 2
T x L
k
q
L
T
x
k
q
x T +
(
(
'
+
A
+
'
=
- -
dx
dT
k
A
Q
q = =
-
-
Substituting the constants yield:
Finally, the heat flux at any point can be determined:
Example 2.3
Thermal Conductivity
Thermal conductivity (k) of a material is the measure of
the ability of the material to conduct heat.

Gas Liquid Solid
Steady heat conduction in plane
wall
1) Thermal resistance method
Do not involved any differential equations
The thermal resistance approach (similar to Ohms
Law) is a technique that simplifies complicated
problems which involve multi-layered mediums when
there is no heat generation (q=0).

L
T T
kA Q
wall cond
2 1
,

=
-
wall
wall cond
R
T T
Q
2 1
,

=
-
kA
L
R
wall
=
This is like Ohms Law:

Therefore, circuit representations can provide a useful
tool for both conceptualizing and calculating heat
transfer problems.

e
R
V V
I
2 1

=
Analogy to Electrical Current Flow

Heat Transfer Electrical current flow
Rate of heat transfer Electric current
Thermal resistance Electrical resistance
Temperature differenceVoltage difference

Now consider a convection heat
transfer from a solid surface of
area As and temperature Ts to a
fluid whose temperature
sufficiently far from the surface is
T
,
with a convection heat
transfer coefficient h, Newtons
Law of cooling for convection
heat transfer rate is

s
conv
conv
s
conv
s s conv
hA
R
R
T T
Q
T T hA Q
1
) (
=
=
=
-

-
59
The rate of radiation heat transfer between a surface and
the surrounding

( )
4 4
( ) (W)
s surr
rad s s surr rad s s surr
rad
T T
Q A T T h A T T
R
co

= = =
1
( /W)
rad
rad s
R K
h A
=
( )
( )
2 2 2
(W/m K)
( )
rad
rad s surr s surr
s s surr
Q
h T T T T
A T T
co = = + +
60
A surface exposed to the surrounding might involves
convection and radiation simultaneously.
The convection and radiation resistances are parallel to
each other.
When T
surr
T
, the radiation
effect can properly be
accounted for by replacing h
in the convection resistance
relation by
h
combined
= h
conv
+h
rad
(W/m
2
K)

61
Thermal Resistance Network
consider steady one-dimensional heat transfer through a plane wall
that is exposed to convection on both sides.
Under steady conditions we have

Rate of
heat convection
into the wall
Rate of
heat conduction
through the wall
Rate of
heat convection
from the wall
= =
2 ,
2 2 2 1 1 1
conv wall conv
R
T T
R
T T
R
T T

=
total
R
T T
Q
2 1
-

=
62
Thermal Contact Resistance
In reality surfaces have some roughness.
When two surfaces are pressed against each other, the peaks form
good material contact but the valleys form voids filled with air.
As a result, an interface contains
numerous air gaps of varying sizes
that act as insulation because of the
low thermal conductivity of air.
Thus, an interface offers some
resistance to heat transfer, which
is termed the thermal contact
resistance, R
c
.

63
Multilayer Plane Walls
In practice we often encounter plane walls that consist of
several layers of different materials.
The rate of steady heat transfer through this two-layer
composite wall can be expressed through where the total
thermal resistance is

,1 ,1 ,2 ,2
1 2
1 1 2 2
1 1

total conv wall wall conv
R R R R R
L L
h A k A k A h A
= + + +
= + + +
Example
Example
66
Generalized Thermal Resistance Network
The thermal resistance concept can be used to solve
steady heat transfer problems that involve parallel layers
or combined series-parallel arrangements.
The total heat transfer of two parallel layers

( )
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
1 1 T T T T
Q Q Q T T
R R R R
| |

= + = + = +
|
\ .
1
total
R
1 2
1 2 1 2
1 1 1
=
total
total
R R
R
R R R R R
| |
= +
|
+
\ .
67
Combined Series-Parallel Arrangement
The total rate of heat transfer through
the composite system

where

3 1 2
1 2 3
1 1 2 2 3 3 3
1
; ; ;
conv
L L L
R R R R
k A k A k A hA
= = = =
1
total
T T
Q
R

=
1 2
12 3 3
1 2

total conv conv
R R
R R R R R R
R R
= + + = + +
+
Example
Heat conduction in cylinders and
spheres
Let consider a long cylinder
pipe(or spherical shell) which
is steady and 1-dimensional

For cylindrical, A=tDL=2trL

For sphere, A=tD
2
=4tr
2
Now consider steady one-
dimensional heat flow
through a cylindrical or
spherical layer that is
exposed to convection on
both sides to fluids
temperatures T
1
and T
2
with heat trasfer coefficient h
1

and h
2
Multilayer cylinders and spheres
Once we have the , we can determine any
temperature across the cylinders or
spheres

-
Q
j i total
j i
R
T T
Q
-

=
,
Example
74
Critical Thickness of Insulation
Consider a tube, cable, or wire dissipating heat from the
outer surface into the surrounding air by convection.

It is covered by a layer of insulation to minimize heat
loss. In many cases, the thermal resistance offered by a
metal tube or wire is negligibly small in comparison to
the insulation.

75
The tube wall temperature (T
o
) is nearly the same as the
fluid.
insulation
insulation
r
i
r
o
r
i
r
o
(a) Rod or Wire (b) Pipe
T
o
, h
o
T
i
T
i
76
crit o o
crit o o
o
crit o
r r
r r if
h
k
r
,
,
,
s
>
=
Critical radius
of insulation
Will decrease the rate of heat loss
expected. Good !

Will increase the heat loss
continuously. Maximum at the critical
thickness. Avoid !

KJM 442
1-D Steady State Heat Conduction (CC)
k
q
z
T T
r r
T
r
r r t
T
'
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
2
2
2
2
2
1 1 1
u o
0
0 0
r
k
q
dr
dT
r
dr
d
k
q
r
T
r
r r
'
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
'
+
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
0
1
General equations:
KJM 442
0
g q =
'
( )
2 1
2
0
1 0
ln
4
2
C r C r
k
g
T
r
C
r
k
g
dr
dT
+ + =
+ =
Re-assign the heat generation:
Integrate twice the general equation:
KJM 442
Apply boundary conditions:
2 2
) ( r r at T r T = =
0 0 = = r at
dr
dT
0 ) 0 (
0
= = r at T T
2
2
2
2
2
1
4
) ( T
r
r
k
r q
r T +
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
'
=

Finally:
KJM 442
2 2
r q
k
r q
k
dr
dT
k q

'
=
|
.
|
\
|
'
= =
The heat flux is thus:
KJM 442
1-D Steady State Heat Conduction (SC)
General equations:
0
2
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
r
T
r
r
0, steady
state
0, 1D
0, 1D
0, no heat
generation
k
q T
r
T
r r
T
r
r r t
T
-
'
+
c
c
+
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
+
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
2
2
2 2 2 2
2
2
sin
1
sin
sin
1 1 1
| u u
u
u u o
KJM 442
Integrate twice the general equation:
1
2
2
0
0
C dr
r
T
r
r
T
r
r
}
}
= =
c
c
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
2
1
2
1
C
r
C
T
dr
r
C
dT
+ =
=
} }
KJM 442
Apply boundary conditions:
- at r = r
1
T = T
1
- at r = r
2
T = T
2
( )
1 2 1 1
2
1
1
1 1
:
T C r C
C
r
C
T r r at
=
+ = =
( )
( )
1 2
1 2
2 1
1
1 2
1 1 2 2
2
2
2 2 1 2 1
2
2
1
2 2
;
:
T T
r r
r r
C
r r
T r T r
C
r
r C r C T
C
r
C
T r r at
=
+
= + = =
KJM 442
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
1 2
1 2
1
1 2
2 1
1 2
2 1 2 2
1 2
1 2 1 1
1 2
1 1 2 2
1 2
2 2
1 2
2 1
1 2
1 1 2 2
2 1
1 2
1 2
2
1
T
r r r
r r r
T
r r r
r r r
r r r
r r r r T
r r r
r r r r T
r r
T r T r
r r r
r r T
r r r
r r T
r r
T r T r
T T
r r r
r r
C
r
C
T
+ =
+ =
KJM 442
|
.
|
\
|
= =
2
1
r
C
k
dr
dT
k q
The heat flux is thus:

KJM 442
KJM 442
Multi-Dimensional Heat Conduction
In many practical problems, the temperature and heat flow
are functions of two and three coordinates (2D, 3D). Such
cases occur when the boundary is non-uniform.
The solution to 2-D and 3-D problems can be solved by:
- analytical
- graphical
- analogical
- numerical methods (finite difference)
KJM 442
m x increment
n y increment
Numerical Methods (Finite Difference)
x
y
b
x
y
Node
KJM 442
m, n
m,n+1
m,n-1
m+1,n
m-1,n
Q
m,n+1
Q
m,n-1
Q
m-1,n
Q
m+1,n
KJM 442
x
T T
dx
dT
x
T T
dx
dT
m m
m
m m
m
A
=
A
=
+
+
1
2
1
1
2
1
T
m-1
T
m
m-1/2
T
m
T
m+1
m+1/2
KJM 442
2
1 1
2
2
2
1 1
2
1
2
1
x
T T T
x
x dx
T d
m m m
x
T T
x
T T
m
dx
dT
m
dx
dT
m m m m
A
+
=
A
=
A
=
+
A
+
+
2
1 1
2
2
2
y
T T T
dy
T d
n n n
A
+
=
+
KJM 442
0
2
2
=
'
+
k
q
dx
T d

0
2
2
1 1
=
'
+
A
+
+
k
q
x
T T T
m m m m

0
2 2
,
2
1 , , 1 ,
2
, 1 , , 1
=
'
+
A
+
+
A
+
+ +
k
q
y
T T T
x
T T T
n m n m n m n m n m n m n m

0
2
2
2
2
=
'
+ +
k
q
dy
T d
dx
T d

KJM 442
( )
k
x q
T T T T T
n m
n m n m n m n m n m
2
,
, 1 , 1 , , 1 , 1
4
A
'
= + + +
+ +

( )
( )
( )
( )
y
T T
x k Q Q
y
T T
x k Q Q
x
T T
y k Q Q
x
T T
y k Q Q
n m n m
n m down cond
n m n m
n m up cond
n m n m
n m right cond
n m n m
n m left cond
A
A = =
A
A = =
A
A = =
A
A = =
+
+
+
+
, 1 ,
1 , ,
, 1 ,
1 , ,
, , 1
, 1 ,
, , 1
, 1 ,

KJM 442
1

3

5
2

4

6
i
n
s
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

Given:
k = constant
x = y
Steady state
No heat generation
Example
KJM 442
( )
( )
( )
( )
y
T T
x k Q Q
y
T T
x k Q Q
x
T T
y k Q Q
x
T T
y k Q Q
n m n m
n m down cond
n m n m
n m up cond
n m n m
n m right cond
n m n m
n m left cond
A
A = =
A
A = =
A
A = =
A
A = =
+
+
+
+
, 1 ,
1 , ,
, 1 ,
1 , ,
, , 1
, 1 ,
, , 1
, 1 ,

KJM 442
2 / x A
1
3
5
4
2 / y A
y A
( )
( ) ( ) ( )

1 ,
2
1
1 ,
2
1
, 1
3 5 3 1 3 4
2 2
0
+
+
A
|
.
|
\
|
A
+
A
|
.
|
\
|
A
+
A
A =
n m
x
n m
x
n m
y
Q
A
Q
A
Q
A
y
T T b x
k
y
T T b x
k
x
T T
b y k
0 4 2
3 5 1 4
= + + T T T T
( )
k
x q
T T T T T
n m
n m n m n m n m n m
2
,
, 1 , 1 , , 1 , 1
4
A
'
= + + +
+ +

*
EXAMPLE
KJM 442
i
n
s
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

T= 90 C
Convection
h, T
= 25C
q
r
= 5000 W/m
2
1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15
x = y=1.2 cm
x y
Given: k = 15 W/(mC), h= 80 W/(m
2
C), T
= 25C, and
q= g
n
= 2 x 10
6
W/m
3
Example
KJM 442
i
n
s
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

T= 90 C
Convection
h, T
= 25C
q
r
= 5000 W/m
2
1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15
x
y
KJM 442
1 2
4 5
i
n
s
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

Convection
h, T
= 25C
y/2
x/2
( )
( ) ( )
0
2 2 2 2 2
1
1 4 1 2
1
=
A
A
+
A
A
+
A
A
+
A

y x
g
y
T T x
k
x
T T y
k T T
x
h

0 72 5 . 7 5 . 7 5 . 7 5 . 7 48 . 0 12
1 4 1 2 1
= + + + T T T T T
2 . 11 0 064 . 2
4 2 1
= = + + T T T
KJM 442
2 3
5 6
y
x
1
4
Convection
h, T
= 25C
( )
( )
( ) ( )
0
2 2
2
2
2 1 2 5
2 3
2
=
A
A +
A
A
+
A
A +
+
A
A
+ A

y
x g
x
T T y
k
y
T T
x k
x
T T y
k T T x h

0 15 5 . 7 96 . 30 5 . 7 168
5 3 2 1
= + + + T T T T
4 . 22 2 128 . 4
5 3 2 1
= + + T T T T
KJM 442
2 3
5 6
y
x
Convection
h, T
= 25C
( )
( )
( )
0
2 2 2
2 2 2
3
3 2
3 6
3
=
A
A
+
A
A
+
+
A
A
+
|
.
|
\
|
A
+
A

y x
g
x
T T y
k
y
T T x
k T T
y x
h
8 . 12 128 . 2
6 3 2
= + T T T
KJM 442
4 5
10
i
n
s
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

T= 90 C
11
1
2
y
x
5
0
) (
4
2
4
4 10 5 1 5
=
A
+ + + +
k
x g
T T T T T

2 . 109 2 4
5 4 1
= + T T T
KJM 442
i
n
s
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

1 2 3
4 5 6
10 11 12
y
T= 90 C
x
0
) (
4
2
5
5 11 6 2 4
=
A
+ + + +
k
x g
T T T T T

2 . 109 4
5 6 2 4
= + + T T T T
KJM 442
T= 90 C
2 3
5 6 7
11 12 13
x
y
Convection
h, T
= 25C
( )
( )
( ) 0
4
3
2
2 2 2
6
6 3 6 5
6 12 6 7
6
= A A +
A
A
+
|
.
|
\
|
A
A +
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
A
A +
|
.
|
\
|
A
A
+
|
.
|
\
|
A
+
A

y x g
y
T T x
k
x
T T
y k
y
T T
x k
x
T T y
k T T
y x
h
0 . 212 128 . 6 2
7 6 5 3
= + + T T T T
KJM 442
T= 90 C
6 7 8
12 13 14
x
y
Convection
h, T
= 25C
( )
( )
( ) ( )
0
2 2
2
7
7 6 7 13
7 8
7
=
A
A +
A
A
+
A
A +
+
A
A
+ A

y
x g
x
T T y
k
y
T T
x k
x
T T y
k T T x h

4 . 202 128 . 4
8 7 6
= + T T T
KJM 442
T= 90 C
7 8 9
13 14 15
y
Convection
h, T
= 25C
x
4 . 202 128 . 4
9 8 7
= + T T T
T= 90 C
6 7 8
12 13 14
x
y
Convection
h, T
= 25C
KJM 442
q
r
= 5000
W/m
2
8 9
14 15
x
y
Convection
h, T
= 25C
T= 90 C
( )
0
2 2 2
2 2 2
9
9 8
9 15
9
=
A
A
+
|
.
|
\
|
A
A
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
A
A
+
A
+
A

y x
g
x
T T y
k
y
T T x
k
y
q T T
x
h
R
2 . 105 064 . 2
9 8
= T T
KJM 442
2 . 11 064 . 2
4 2 1
= + + T T T
4 . 22 2 128 . 4
5 3 2 1
= + + T T T T
8 . 12 128 . 2
6 3 2
= + T T T
2 . 109 2 4
5 4 1
= + T T T
2 . 109 4
5 6 2 4
= + + T T T T
0 . 212 128 . 6 2
7 6 5 3
= + + T T T T
4 . 202 128 . 4
8 7 6
= + T T T
4 . 202 128 . 4
9 8 7
= + T T T
2 . 105 064 . 2
9 8
= T T
Node 1:
Node 2:
Node 3:
Node 4:
Node 5:
Node 6:
Node 7:
Node 8:
Node 9:
T
1
= 112.1 C
T
2
= 110.8 C
T
3
= 106.6 C
T
4
= 109.4 C
T
5
= 108.1 C
T
6
= 103.2 C
T
7
= 97.3 C
T
8
= 96.3 C
T
9
= 97.6 C

EXAMPLE
KJM 442
T = 150 C
i
n
s
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

Convection
h, T
= 30C
q
L
= 5000 W/m
2
1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13
x = y = 1cm
x y
Given: k = 60 W/mC, h= 70 W/m
2
C, T
= 30C, T
3
= 200C
g = 6 x 10
6
W/m
3
, T
4
= 140C, T
2
= 250C, T
7
= 150C
Homework: Determine T
1
, T
5
, T
6
, T
8

KJM 442
KJM 442
(a) Diagonal surface (b) Cutting tool.
Diagonal Surface and Cutting Tool Problems
KJM 442
( ) ( )
0
, , 1
, 1 ,
,
2 / 1
2 2
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
A
A +
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
A
A + A + A
+
x
T T
y k
y
T T
x k T T y x h
n m n m
n m n m
n m
(a) For diagonal surface

( ) 0
2 2
2 2
.
,
2 2
, , 1 ' '
0
=
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
A
+
|
.
|
\
|
A
+
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
A
A
+
A
+
n m
n m n m
T T
y x
h
x
T T
y
k
x
q

(b) For cutting tool
KJM 442

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MEC 551

23 Global Aspiration A World Class University

Total heat conduction rate in u -direction:

38 Global Aspiration A World Class University

Special Case : Insulated Boundary

The heat flux is thus:

(a) For diagonal surface

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