Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Modes of communication
Satellite communication Terrestrial communication Telephone lines VHF/UHF radio links Optical fiber Microwave Links Submarine Cables
DTE
DCE
Transmission Channel
DCE
DTE
DTE - Computer terminals,Routers,etc. DCE - Satellite modems,Leased line modems,Tel. Modems Transmission Channel - Satellite link,Leased line,Tel. line
MODEM
Communication media
COPPER CABLE
B OM B AY
VSAT equipment
HY DE RA B A D
VSAT equipment
DE LHI
CA LCUT T A
B OM B AY
Modem
HY DE RA B A D
Modem
Reliability Cost in comparison to distance the signal travel Ease of Installation Can be installed anywhere on the globe
Microwave Communication
Microwave communication
Microwave Microwave Radio
An electromagnetic wave that has a wavelength of about .3 cm to 3mtrs, thus covering wavelengths from VHF to EHF Used by line-of-sight carrier systems to carry large quantities of voice and data signals.It is affected adversely by atmospheric conditions and solid objects. Most common carrier microwave radio link systems carry analog signals, but there are few systems that carry digital signal Consists of an uplink transmitter signal to the satellite and downlink retransmitted signal to receiving stations on Earth
Microwave communication
Microwave communication requires line of sight Area covered is limited by height and distance of microwave transmitters A satellite is a microwave repeater in Geo synchronous orbit above the earth
Three geo synchronous satellites can be used for full earth coverage. The transmission of a signal up to the satellite and back down is called a hop.Transmission delay for one hop is between 240msec. and 270msec.
A geo synchronous satellite can transmit to approximately 42% of the earths surface. North and South poles cannot receive signals from a geo synchronous satellite. The area covered by a single satellite antenna is called a footprint.
Satellite Footprint
Satellite orbits
EQUATORIAL POLAR INCLINED
Equatorial orbit
Satellites in equatorial orbits circle the earth above the equator (zero degrees latitude) Satellites can be at any height above the earths surface
Sites at the extreme poles do not receive equatorial satellites signal: therefore this orbit is not used for those locations
Polar orbit
Satellites in polar orbits circle the earth above the north and south poles. Any height above the earths surface
Are also called 90 inclined orbits
o
Inclined orbits
Satellites in inclined orbits circle the earth at a certain angle from the equator. Can be at any height above the earths surface. Due to gravitational pull and the earths rotation, none of the satellites in the above orbits are in constant view from a single point on the earths surface. Tracking antennas can be used to follow the path of satellites in any of these orbits.
Geosynchronous Orbit
The altitude of the satellite determines how long it takes for the satellite to circle the earth. The orbit at the height of 22,300 miles is special.In that the satellite takes exactly 24 hours to travel around the earth- the earths rotation time. If its orbit is over the equator and it travels in the same direction as the earth, then it appears to hang stationary over one point on the earth.
Geosynchronous Orbit
This orbit is called a geo synchronous orbit.
A satellite in the geo synchronous orbit is geo stationery.The apparently stationery satellite is called a geo synchronous satellite. Communication satellites utilize geo synchronous orbits because they allow continuous communications from one point to the next, without the earth antennas needing tracking equipment.
Satellite Drift
Satellite owner needs to monitor position of satellite at all times and correct for satellite drift.
Polarization
Polarization is the orientation of EM waves in space
Polarization
LINEAR
CIRCULAR
Polarization is the orientation of an RF signal in space.There are two types of polarization: Linear or Circular Every antenna site will need to be set to the appropriate polarization angle to receive the correct signal.
Why Polarization ?
To increase the channel capacity Two signals can be transmitted at the same frequency in two different polarizations
Ku-BAND 14/11 G Hz
Ka-BAND 30/20 G Hz
ELF 101
SLF
102
LF
MF HF VHF
FM Band (88 to 108 MHz) Cellular Phones (800 MHz) C-Band Ku-Band
3 GHz UHF
EHF 1011
Satellite
Antenna Transponder Repeater equipment Frequency converters Amplifiers
STORAGE BATTERIES
POWER CONDITIONER
Uplink - The signal from the earth antenna to the satellite. Downlink - The signal from the satellite to the earth station
TRANSPONDER
-amplifies the uplink signal Frequency Converter -converts the incoming signal to the downlink frequency.(The uplink and downlink signals must differ to avoid conflicts with each other. High Power Amplifier(HPA) -Amplifies the signal to be rebroadcast.
Hub Components
Antenna
RF equipment System IF distribution Network equipment System baseband equipment Network management software Host front end - CPU PABX
DOWNLINK INTERFERENCE
UPLINK INTERFERENCE
User 5 User 4
User 3
User 2 User 1
Time
Allocates a finite amount of bandwidth to one user for an infinite amount of time.
Time
Allocates a small amount of bandwidth to one user for a short amount of time, allowing many users to share the same bandwidth.
Example of FDMA
Uplink Frequencies
FREQUENCY
Example of TDMA
Uplink Frequencies t4 t3
t5 t6
B
t2 t1
C
ISBN HUB
Frequency
IF
MOD
BB
MUX
TX Users
~ ~
LNA
~
DEMOD
D/C
DEMUX
RX Users
~ ~
Frequency Conversion
~
Modem Baseband equipment
The base band equipment provides interfaces that allow space link/user protocol conversion. The IF subsystem performs modulation/demodulation The RF subsystem performs IF/RF conversion and signal amplification.
FDMA
The Band is divided and each user is allotted with different frequency band Suitable for high density traffic and on-line systems
TDMA
Effective utilization of the same band in different time slots Suitable for low density and off line applications ( Data Communications)