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1. 2. their roots are extensive but shallow, allowing any rainfall to quickly collect their stomata are permeable to CO2 and O2 but not water, allowing water to be retained while photosynthesis continues they utilize a cyclic photosynthetic pathway exclusively and don't require water as an input for photosynthesis they collect and store CO2 at night, then release it during the day when light energy is available for photosynthesis their thylakoid membranes are impermeable to water
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Englemann's studies of photosynthesis showed that Spirogyra used which colors of light most effectively?
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violet and yellow red and yellow red and violet blue and yellow green and yellow
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What simple molecule, released during photosynthesis, changed both the atmosphere and the biochemistry of life on early Earth?
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When stomata are closed in a photosynthesizing plant leaf, the concentrations of CO2 ________ and O2 ________.
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variations in photon speed the relative balance between light's particle-like and wavelike qualities the wavelengths of the photons the composition and mass of the photons the angle the light strikes the human eye
Carbon that is converted to carbohydrate in the light-independent pathways comes from ________.
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carbon dioxide glucose starch water various organic compounds produced by autotrophs
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stomata that open at night rather than during the day thick surface layers that limit water loss succulent leaves the CAM pathway for carbon fixation all of the choices
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in the inner chloroplast membrane in the thylakoid in the outer chloroplast membrane in the stroma in the photosystem complex
What statement best summarizes the balance between carbon fixation through photosynthesis and carbon release through human activity?
1. at the present rate of photosynthesis, the atmosphere will be depleted of CO2 within one million years photosynthesis currently removes less CO2 than human activity releases, but inorganic processes remove the excess, resulting in stable atmospheric amounts the total production of CO2 is precisely balanced by photosynthesis since photosynthesis is globally limited by the availability of CO2, increases from human activity are quickly captured by plant growth human activities release more CO2 than photoautotrophs can fix; significant atmospheric changes are possible
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The electrons needed to replace those transferred from photosystem II are supplied by ________.
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A variety of human activities, including ________, threatens to reduce the growth of marine photoautotrophs and disrupt marine food webs.
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enrichment of marine waters with fertilizers the introduction of raw sewage the disposal of industrial wastes the warming of surface waters burning fossil fuels all of the choices
Earth's earliest photoautotrophs were anaerobic; how did they adapt to the increasing concentrations of oxygen created by advances in photosynthesis?
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1. many were unable to adapt and simply perished in an early mass extinction event some species evolved chemoautotrophic pathways and were able to occupy extreme habitats like sea-floor hydrothermal vents the ancestors of most modern bacteria evolved metabolic pathways that could detoxify oxygen some became restricted to anaerobic habitats such as swamps and sediments all of the choices
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plant tissues become anaerobic oxygen concentrations rise above critical levels and begin reacting with ribulose bisphosphate plants switch from the C3 to the C4 pathway oxaloacetate is formed within the mesophyll cells stomata open after extended periods of closure, allowing a temporary influx of oxygen
What term is used to describe those organisms that can make their own food?
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conversion of organic compounds into fossilized rock conversion of organic compounds into oil and oilrelated products incorporation of environmental carbon into stable, organic compounds transfer of carbon from one organic compound to another incorporation of organic remains to the sediments forming the ocean floor
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