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ALKANES
(CnH2n+2): hydrocarbons, mainly used as fuel
ALKENES
(CnH2n): hydrocarbons with double bonds, used to make polymers
HALOALKANES
(CnH2n+1X): contain halogen atoms, CFCs, which are being phased out
Naming Alkanes
Alkanes are named after the longest chain of carbon atoms in the molecule
No of Carbon Atoms Formula
CH4
Name
Methane
1 2 3 4 5 6
C2H6
C3H8 C4H10 C5H12 C6H14
Ethane
Propane Butane Pentane Hexane
Representing Formulae
Molecular formula Actual numbers of atoms of each element present in a molecule e.g. C4H10
Empirical formula Simplest ratio of atoms of each element present in a molecule e.g. C2H5
Representing Formulae
Structural formula
Shows the structure of the molecule
H H H H | | | | HCCCCH | | | | H H H H
Representing Formulae
Displayed
Naming Alkanes
Branches are named after the number of carbon atoms that they contain: 1 carbon = methyl 2 carbons = ethyl (very very rare for unit 1)
Naming Alkanes
The position of the branch is indicated by a number The lowest possible number is used
H | HCH | H || H H | | | HCCCCH | | | | H H H H
2 - methylbutane
Naming Alkanes
H | HCH | H | H | | | HCCCH | | | | H H | HCH | H
2,2-dimethylpropane
Naming Alkanes
2 of a functional group di 3 of a functional group tri 4 of a functional group tetra
Cyclo alkanes
Rings of carbon atoms are known as cycloalkanes CnH2n Note a cyclo alkane has the same molecular formula as the corresponding straight chain alkene. They are Functional group isomers a type of structural isomer E.g.butene and cyclobutane are both C4H8
Naming haloalkanes
Naming HaloAlkanes
The position of the halogen must be stated
Example 1-chloro propane
Cl H H | | | HCCCH | | | H H H
2-chloro propane
H Cl H | | | HCCCH | | | H H H
Naming HaloAlkanes
If there are more than 1 halogen:they must be listed in alphabetic order Example
2-bromo-1-chloropropane Cl Br H | | | HCCCH | | | H H H
Naming Alkenes
The position of the double bond is indicated by the number of the starting position
Example
But-1-ene
H H | | HC CCCH | | | | H H H H
STRUCTURAL ISOMERS
These are compounds with the same molecular formula, but with different structural formulae H | e.g. Isomers of C4H10 HCH
H H H H | | | | HCCCCH | | | | H H H H
| H | H | | | HCCCH | | | H H H
Chain Isomerism Position Isomerism Functional Group Isomerism Remember - These are all forms of structural isomerism - molecules have the same molecular formulae, but different structures
CHAIN ISOMERISM:
the
carbon chains are arranged differently. Example Butane and Methyl Propane Both Isomers of C4H10
H | HCH | H | H | | | HCCCH | | | H H H
H H H H | | | | HCCCCH | | | | H H H H
POSITION ISOMERISM
the
functional group is at a different position on the chain. Example 1 chloro propane and 2 chloro propane
Cl H H | | | HCCCH | | | H H H H Cl H | | | HCCCH | | | H H H
Fractional Distillation
Crude oil consists of a large number of different hydrocarbons. Most of these hydrocarbons are alkanes. The alkanes are separated according to their size by fractional distillation. Click here to see fractional distillation tower
Fractional Distillation
Crude oil is heated and vapour passed into the bottom of a tower Top of tower cooler than bottom I.e. temperature gradient This separates mixture into fractions depending on boiling points of hydrocarbons present Only those with low boiling points reach top Others condense in trays at different levels up the tower and are drawn off here
Questions
What is passed into the bottom of the tower Which hydrocarbons will be piped off at the bottom of the tower Why?
Cracking
Cracking converts large alkanes into smaller ones which are more useful for making plastics or motor fuel.
Types of Cracking
THERMAL CRACKING 700 1200 K , 70 atmos Makes alkenes for the plastics industry.
Types of Cracking
CATALYTIC CRACKING 720K; 1 atmos; zeolite catalyst consisting of Silicon dioxide and Aluminium oxide Products are mainly Branched and cyclic products, Products mainly for motor fuel
POLLUTION PROBLEMS
Burning fossil fuels causes these pollutants:
Types of Pollution
CAUSE
S in fossil fuels reacts with air when burnt High temperature in car engine N2 and O2 in air react Lack of oxygen in car engine Heaters not serviced
POLLUTANT PROBLEM
SO2 Produces Acid Rain
Causes acid rain and smog. Makes asthma, bronchitis worse CO - Toxic C - Unsightly Causes cancer, makes asthma, bronchitis worse
a. b. c. d.
oxides of nitrogen from N2 and O2 in the car engine. NO N2O NO2 N2O4
Many power stations burn fossil fuels. Sulphur impurities in fossil fuels react to form
Power Stations
SO2, which causes acid rain. Equation: S + O2 SO2 SO2 + H2O H2SO3 H2SO3 + O 2 H2SO4 Sulphur dioxide can be removed from emissions by reaction with calcium oxide. Equation: SO2 + CaO + O 2 CaSO4 The calcium sulphate is used as plaster. This is a neutralisation reaction The process is called flue gas desulfurisation
Catalytic Converters
Pollution from cars can be reduced by fitting a catalytic converter. This causes the pollutants to react amongst themselves. Less harmful substances are formed. Platinum or Rhodium Catalyst Watch this video clip
Exercise
Write equations to show the reaction of these alkanes with NO: DECANE (C10H22) CYCLOHEPTANE (C7H14) BUTANE (C4H10) OCTANE (C8H18)