1.A computer network, is a collection of computers
and devices interconnected by communications channels under single tech
Communications Effectively sharing of Information and resources
2.Internet Global system of interconnected computer networks Network of Networks
OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) REFERENCE MODEL .
LAYER 7 Application layer All Away LAYER 6 Presentation layer People Pizza LAYER 5 Session layer Seem Sausage LAYER 4 Transport layer To Throw LAYER 3 Network layer Need Not LAYER 2 Data Link Layer Data Do LAYER 1 Physical layer Processing Please
Layer 7 Application layer
This is the closest layer to the end user. It provides the interface between the applications we use and the underlying layers. But notice that the programs you are using (like a web browser IE, Firefox or Opera) do not belong to Application layer. Telnet, FTP, email client (SMTP), HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) are examples of Application layer. Layer 6 Presentation layer This layer ensures the presentation of data, that the communications passing through are in the appropriate form for the recipient. In general, it acts as a translator of the network. For example, you want to send an email and the Presentation will format your data into email format. Or you want to send photos to your friend, the Presentation layer will format your data into GIF, JPG or PNG format.
Presentation Layer deals with Operating System Issues Encryption and Decryption are done at Presentation layer
Layer 5 Session layer Layer 5 establishes, maintains and ends communication with the receiving device. It establishes a session between two devices
Layer 4 Transport layer This layer maintains flow control of data and provides for error checking and recovery of data between the devices. The most common example of Transport layer is Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP).
Transport Layer helps us to analyze that how much information can be communicated between 2 devices
Layer 3 Network layer This layer provides logical addresses which routers will use to determine the path to the destination. In most cases, the logic addresses here means the IP addresses (including source & destination IP addresses).
Layer 2 Data Link Layer The Data Link layer formats the message into a data frame, and adds a header containing the hardware destination and source address to it. This header is responsible for finding the next destination device on a local network.
Notice that layer 3 is responsible for finding the path to the last destination (network) but it doesnt care about who will be the next receiver. It is the Layer 2 that helps data to reach the next destination. This layer is subdivide into 2 sub-layers: logical link control (LLC) and media access control (MAC). The LLC functions include:
+ Managing frames to upper and lower layers + Error Control + Flow control
The MAC sub layer carries the physical address of each device on the network. This address is more commonly called a devices MAC address. MAC address is a 48 bits address which is burned into the NIC card on the device by its manufacturer.
Switches communicate in Data Link Layer Layer 1 Physical layer The Physical Layer defines the physical characteristics of the network such as connections, voltage levels and timing. To help you remember the functions of each layer more easily, I created a fun story in which Henry (English) wants to send a document to Charles (French) to demonstrate how the OSI model works.
Wiring ,cableling and all Physical connections connected to a system.
Layer Description Popular Protocols Protocol Data Unit Devices operate in this layer Application + User interface HTTP, FTP, TFTP, Telnet, SNMP, DNS Data Presentation + Data representation, encryption & decryption + Video (WMV, AVI) + Bitmap (JPG, BMP, PNG) + Audio (WAV, MP3, WMA) . Data Session + Set up, monitor & terminate the connection session + SQL, RPC, NETBIOS names Data Transport + Flow control (Buffering, Windowing, Congestion Avoidance) helps prevent the loss of segments on the network and the need for retransmission + TCP (Connection- Oriented, reliable) + UDP (Connectionless, unreliable) Segment Layer Description Popular Protocols Protocol Data Unit Devices operate in this layer Network + Path determination + Source & Destination logical addresses + IP + IPX + AppleTalk Packet/Datagram Router Data Link + Physical addresses Includes 2 layers: + Upper layer: Logical Link Control (LLC) + Lower layer: Media Access Control (MAC) + LAN + WAN (HDLC, PPP, Frame Relay) Frame Switch, Bridge Physical Encodes and transmits data bits + Electric signals + Radio signals + FDDI, Ethernet Bit (0, 1) Hub, Repeater The TCP/IP Reference Model te.
Layer 4. Application Layer
Application layer is the top most layer of four layer TCP/IP model. Application layer is present on the top of the Transport layer. Application layer defines TCP/IP application protocols and how host programs interface with Transport layer services to use the network. Application layer includes all the higher-level protocols like DNS (Domain Naming System), HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), Telnet, SSH, FTP (File Transfer Protocol), TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol), SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol), SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) , DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), X Windows, RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol) etc. Layer 3. Transport Layer
Transport Layer is the third layer of the four layer TCP/IP model. The position of the Transport layer is between Application layer and Internet layer. The purpose of Transport layer is to permit devices on the source and destination hosts to carry on a conversation. Transport layer defines the level of service and status of the connection used when transporting data. The main protocols included at Transport layer are TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol). Layer 2. Internet Layer
Internet Layer is the second layer of the four layer TCP/IP model. The position of Internet layer is between Network Access Layer and Transport layer. Internet layer pack data into data packets known as IP datagrams, which contain source and destination address (logical address or IP address) information that is used to forward the datagrams between hosts and across networks. The Internet layer is also responsible for routing of IP datagrams. Packet switching network depends upon a connectionless internetwork layer. This layer is known as Internet layer. Its job is to allow hosts to insert packets into any network and have them to deliver independently to the destination. At the destination side data packets may appear in a different order than they were sent. It is the job of the higher layers to rearrange them in order to deliver them to proper network applications operating at the Application layer. The main protocols included at Internet layer are IP (Internet Protocol), ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol), ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) and IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol).
Layer 1. Network Access Layer
Network Access Layer is the first layer of the four layer TCP/IP model. Network Access Layer defines details of how data is physically sent through the network, including how bits are electrically or optically signaled by hardware devices that interface directly with a network medium, such as coaxial cable, optical fiber, or twisted pair copper wire. The protocols included in Network Access Layer are Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, X.25, Frame Relay etc.
The most popular LAN architecture among those listed above is Ethernet. Ethernet uses an Access Method called CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection) to access the media, when Ethernet operates in a shared media. An Access Method determines how a host will place data on the medium. Types of Networks: Local Area Networks (LAN) < 1KM Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN) 1 to 50 KM Wide Area Networks (WAN) > 50 KM Internet Global Network Network of Networks. Network between org. Intranet A Private Computer Network within an Organization to securely share information and for Internal Communication Internet Connection is shared between different parts of organization Restricted to single boundary, only few users are allowed to access Extranet Any number of intranets combine to form Extranet company's intranet that is extended to users outside the company, usually partners, vendors, and suppliers. Virtual Private Network (VPN) secure way of connecting to a private Local Area Network at a remote location, using the Internet Storage Area Networks (SAN) Network of Computing devices and Storage devices Network Topology
Bus Topology Ring Topology Mesh Topology Star Topology Tree Topology
Out of all these Star Topology is a good one
Addressing Mechanism
Physical Addressing or MAC Address 48 Bit
Logical Addressing Or IP Address uniquely identify a device on an IP network 24 bit
Port Addressing Identify process within the system 16 Bit Logical Addressing Conversion: Binary Decimal - Hexa Decimal Class A 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 0.0.0.0 and 127.0.0.0 127.255.255.255 are reserved Class B 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255 Class C 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255 Class D 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 Class E 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255 Network ID and Host ID Ip Addressing Algorithm What is IP ? An IP addresses is a unique logical number to a network device or interface. Every device has a logical address in network layer of OSI model or in data network for packet routing which is called IP address. Internet Protocol is a protocol use for communication and for routing packets throughout data network.
IPv4 Addressing The IPv4 addresses are divided into five classes i.e. Class A, B, C, D and E. Each IP address class is identified by the initial bits of the address. IP Classes Initial Bits Address Ranges
CLASS A 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 CLASS B 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255 CLASS C 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255 CLASS D 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 CLASS E 240.0.0.0 to 247.255.255.255
x.x.x is reserved for multi cast address. Classes A, B, and C are unicast IP addresses, meaning that the destination is a single host. IP Class D addresses are multicast addresses, which are sent to multiple hosts. IP Class E addresses are reserved. IP addresses are divided into two groups i.e. Public IP address Private IP address
Private IP addresses are selected address ranges that are reserved for use by companies in their private networks. These private addresses are not routed in the Internet. NAT translates between private and public addresses. Following are the IP ranges that can be used in private network: From 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 From 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 From 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
An IPv4 address is 32 bits in length. An IPv4 consist of four octets and every octet is of 8-bit, each converted into decimal numbers (for example, 10.1.1.1). Each bit in every octet is representing or equivalent to a number into decimal. Bit 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th 5 th 6 TH 7 TH 8 th Decimal Value 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Class A IP Addresses
Class A IP addresses range from 0 to 127 in the first byte. Network numbers available for assignment to organizations are from 1.0.0.0 to 126.0.0.0. Networks 0 and 127 are reserved. For example, 127.0.0.1 is reserved for local host or host loopback. A packet sent to a local host address is sent to the local machine. By default, in Class A IP addresses, the first byte is representing the network portion, and the three remaining bytes are the host number. The format is N.H.H.H, where N is the network part and H is the host part. With 24 bits available, there are 6,777,214 (2 24 2) IP addresses for host assignment per Class A network. We subtract two for the network number (all 0s) and broadcast address (all 1s). Class A Address format: Network Host Host Host
Class B IP Addresses
Class B addresses range from 128 to 191 in the first byte. Valid IP range for Class D IP addresses are from 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.0.0. By default, for Class B addresses, the first two bytes are the network part, and the remaining two bytes are the host number. The format is N.N.H.H. With 16 bits available, there are 2 16 2 = 65,534 IP addresses for host assignment per Class B network. As with Class A addresses, having a segment with more than 65,000 hosts broadcasting will surely not work; you resolve this issue with subnetting. Class B Address format: Network Network Host Host Class C IP Addresses
Class C addresses range from 192 to 223 in the first byte. Network numbers assigned to companies are from 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.0. The format is N.N.N.H. With 8 bits available, there are 2 8 2 = 254 IP addresses for host assignment per Class C network. H = 0 is the network number; H = 255 is the broadcast address. Class B Address format:Network Network Network Host Class D IP Addresses
Class D addresses range from 224 to 239 in the first byte. Network numbers assigned to multicast groups range from 224.0.0.1 to 239.255.255.255. These addresses do not have a host or network part. Some multicast addresses are already assigned; for example, 224.0.0.10 is used by routers running EIGRP.
Class E IP Addresses
Class E addresses range from 240 to 254. These addresses are reserved for experimental networks. Network 255 is reserved for the broadcast address, such as 255.255.255.255. IPv4 Address Type
IPv4 addresses can be divided into one of three types:
Unicast IPv4 address: The IP address of an interface on a single host is called unicast address. It can be a source or destination address
Broadcast IPv4 address: An IP address that reaches all hosts in an address range is called broadcast address. It is only a destination address.
Multicast IPv4 address: An IP address that reaches a group of hosts. It is only a destination address