Classification of Bearing

base on friction
Anti Friction bearing



Friction bearing/journal bearing
Classification of Bearing
base on load
Radial Load
Axial load
Tangential load/
combination
There are four major parts to a
standard ball bearing:
the outer race,
the rolling balls,
the inner race,
and the cage.
Manufacturing
race
Both races are made in almost the same way. Since they are both
rings of steel, the process starts with steel tubing of an appropriate
size. Automatic machines similar to lathes use cutting tools to cut
the basic shape of the race, leaving all of the dimensions slightly
too large. The reason for leaving them too large is that the races
must be heat treated before being finished, and the steel
The rough cut races are put into a heat treating furnace at about
1,550 degrees Fahrenheit (843 degrees Celsius) for up to several
hours (depending on the size of the parts), then dipped into an oil
bath to cool them and make them very hard. This hardening also
makes them brittle, so the next step is to temper them. This is done
by heating them in a second oven to about 300 degrees
Fahrenheit (148.8 degrees Celsius), and then letting them cool in
air. This whole heat treatment process makes parts which are both
hard and tough
The Manufacturing Ball
Cold Heading
Steel cages are stamped out of fairly thin sheet metal, much
like a cookie cutter, and then bent to their final shape in a
die. A die is made up of two pieces of steel that fit together,
with a hole the shape of the finished part carved inside.
When the cage is put in between and the die is closed, the
cage is bent to the shape of the hole inside. The die is then
opened, and the finished part is taken out, ready to be
assembled.
Plastic cages are usually made by a process called injection
molding. In this process, a hollow metal mold is filled by
squirting melted plastic into it, and letting it harden. The
mold is opened up, and the finished cage is taken out, ready
for assembly
Now that all of the parts are made, the bearing
needs to be put together.
First, the inner race is put inside the outer race,
only off to one side as far as possible. This makes a
space between them on the opposite side large
enough to insert balls between them.
The required number of balls is put in, then the
races are moved so that they are both centered,
and the balls distributed evenly around the
bearing. At this point, the cage is installed to hold
the balls apart from each other.
Plastic cages are usually just snapped in, while
steel cages usually have to be put in and riveted
together.
Now that the bearing is assembled, it is coated
with a rust preventative and packaged for
shipping
The Basics
The concept behind a bearing is very simple: Things roll better than
they slide. The wheels on your car are like big bearings. If you had
something like skis instead of wheels, your car would be a lot more
difficult to push down the road.
That is because when things slide, the friction between them causes a
force that tends to slow them down. But if the two surfaces can roll
over each other, the friction is greatly reduced.
Bearings reduce friction by providing smooth metal
balls or rollers, and a smooth inner and outer metal
surface for the balls to roll against. These balls or
rollers "bear" the load, allowing the device to spin
smoothly
Bearings typically have to deal with
two kinds of loading, radial and thrust.
Depending on where the bearing is
being used, it may see all radial
loading, all thrust loading or a
combination of both
Ball Bearings
Roller Bearings
Ball Thrust Bearing
Roller Thrust Bearing
Tapered Roller Bearings

Ball bearings, as shown below, are
probably the most common type of
bearing. They are found in everything
from inline skates to hard drives. These
bearings can handle both radial and
thrust loads, and are usually found in
applications where the load is
relatively small

In a ball bearing, the load is
transmitted from the outer race to the
ball, and from the ball to the inner
race. Since the ball is a sphere, it only
contacts the inner and outer race at a
very small point, which helps it spin
very smoothly. But it also means that
there is not very much contact area
holding that load, so if the bearing is
overloaded, the balls can deform or
squish, ruining the bearing
Roller bearings like the one
illustrated below are used in
applications like conveyer belt
rollers, where they must hold
heavy radial loads. In these
bearings, the roller is a cylinder, so
the contact between the inner
and outer race is not a point but a
line. This spreads the load out over
a larger area, allowing the
bearing to handle much greater
loads than a ball bearing.
However, this type of bearing is
not designed to handle much
thrust loading.
A variation of this type of bearing,
called a needle bearing, uses
cylinders with a very small
diameter. This allows the bearing
to fit into tight places
Ball thrust bearings
like the one shown
below are mostly
used for low-speed
applications and
cannot handle much
radial load. Barstools
and Lazy Susan
turntables use this
type of bearing
Roller thrust bearings like
the one illustrated below
can support large thrust
loads. They are often found
in gearsets like car
transmissions between gears,
and between the housing
and the rotating shafts.
The helical gears used in
most transmissions have
angled teeth -- this causes a
thrust load that must be
supported by a bearing
Tapered roller bearings can
support large radial and
large thrust loads
Tapered roller bearings are
used in car hubs, where they
are usually mounted in pairs
facing opposite directions so
that they can handle thrust
in both directions
Tapered roller bearings are
used in car hubs, where they
are usually mounted in pairs
facing opposite directions so
that they can handle thrust
in both directions
TYPES OF HIGH-PRECISION
BEARINGS
ANGULAR CONTACT BALL
BEARINGS
CYLINDRICAL ROLLER BEARINGS
ANGULAR CONTACT THRUST BALL
BEARINGS
HYBRID BEARINGS
ANGULAR CONTACT BALL
BEARINGS
These non-separable (essentially single-row) bearings (in a
variety of series and designs) feature raceways in the inner
and outer rings.
The load is transmitted from one raceway to another at
an angle to the bearing axis.
These bearings, therefore, can carry axial loads acting in
one direction, as well as radial loads. (Axial forces
produced in the bearing when subjected to a radial load
must be counteracted by an opposing force applied
externally, so these bearings are adjusted against a second
bearing.)
Angular contact ball bearings are supplied singly or in
bearing sets, and as full steel or hybrids (bearings having
steel rings and ceramic rolling elements.) Bearing sets are
most often specified when the load carrying capacity of a
single bearing is inadequate, or if axial loads acting in both
directions must be accommodated
Available in many designs, dimension series, and sizes, these
high-precision double-row and single row bearings feature
low cross-sectional height and high load-carrying and speed
capabilities. They can enable spindle bearing arrangements
to be designed for heavy radial loads, high stiffness, relatively
high speed, and axial compliance. (Double-row cylindrical
roller bearings can carry very high loads; single-row bearings
are used where increased speed capability and more
compact spindle design are needed.)
Hybrid cylindrical roller bearings incorporate specially
designed ceramic rollers for superior rigidity, speed, and
service life.

These types are well-suited for applications
demanding accuracy and rigidity of machine tool
work spindles.
Single direction thrust ball bearings consist of a shaft
washer, a housing washer, and a ball and cage
thrust assembly. As the name suggests, these ball
bearings can accommodate axial loads in one
direction and locate a shaft axially in one direction.
Double direction thrust ball bearings consist of one
shaft washer, two housing washers, and two ball
and cage thrust assemblies. These types can axially
locate a shaft in both directions.

This type features rings and cages manufactured from
bearing steel and balls (the rolling elements) made from
silicon nitride weighing only 40 percent of their steel
equivalents.
This translates to low centrifugal force and low load on the
raceway at high speeds. Hybrid bearings exhibit high-speed
capability, long service life, and high wear resistance, and can
also serve to provide electrical insulation.
Since the dimensions of hybrid bearings are the same as those
of steel bearings, a switch to hybrid bearings requires no
design changes. (From our application files: A leading
machine manufacturer was able to design a high-speed
angle grinder, using hybrid bearings, with the pneumatic
turbine rotating at 60,000 r/min. Before the age of ceramics,
this level of performance would have been impossible.)

LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY
AND LIFE
RIGIDITY
SPEED
PRELOAD
TOLERANCES
In general machinery applications, the bearing size required
for a given bearing arrangement is usually determined by
the load carrying capacity. However, selection is made not
only in relation to the actual load, but also to the desired life
and operational reliability.
For machine tool spindles, bearing size is almost always
determined by criteria such as stiffness of the system, fixed
dimensions for the tool holder, or the spindle bore. The
bearings selected according to such criteria yield
arrangements that often exhibit extremely long life.
For precision bearings, determining the load to which a
bearing will be subjected is particularly complex, since it
involves many influencing factors. (In these cases, special
computer programs have been developed and should be
engaged to calculate load carrying capacity and life.)


The rigidity of a bearing arrangement will be influenced by bearing stiffness,
which is the relationship between bearing load and deformation.
The stiffness of a bearing depends on its type and size with these factors being the
most important criteria: types of rolling element (rollers or balls); number and size
of rolling elements; contact angle; applied load; and applied preload. Because of
a much larger contact area between rolling elements and raceways in a roller
bearing than in a ball bearing, roller bearing stiffness will be much higher than
ball bearing stiffness. In addition, as the contact area between rolling elements
and raceways is smaller under light loads, the resulting stiffness will be lower than
under heavy loads. As a result, it is best to follow the rule of thumb: where high
radial stiffness is required, bearings with the smallest possible contact angle should
be used. Conversely, where high axial stiffness is desired, the contact angle should
be as large as possible.
The number (not size) of rolling elements will have the greatest influence on
bearing stiffness. A given percentage increase in the number of balls or rollers will
increase bearing stiffness by a greater amount than the same percentage increase
in rolling element size. In addition, the use of two or more bearings at one position
will further increase the stiffness of a bearing arrangement. (Angular contact ball
bearings supplied in matched sets are best suited in these cases.) Bearing stiffness
can also be enhanced by preload.

The speed at which rolling bearings can operate is largely governed by
permissible operating temperature. Bearing types with low friction (and,
therefore, low heat generation) in the bearings themselves are most
appropriate for high speed operation; and, in general, ball bearings will
be chosen for high speed.
However, the overriding parameter that sets the actual limit for the
operating speed in bearing systems is the maximum permissible
temperature for safeguarding the lubricant life and the complete
systems thermal stability. The operating temperature depends on many
factors (bearings are only one consideration), ranging from the
temperature of the environment and heat generated by motors to
electrical losses and friction in the bearings.
As for heat generated by the bearings themselves, several potential
causes can exist relating to the bearings internal design, the material of
the rings and rolling elements, type of lubrication, and/or the loads acting
on the bearings (including preloading). (Designers will compensate by
modifying bearing arrangements.)

Machine tool spindles are almost always fitted with preloaded bearings or
preloaded bearing sets for two key reasons: preloading makes it possible to
increase both bearing stiffness and the arrangements running accuracy.
Single row angular contact ball bearings are generally adjusted against each
other by axial displacement of the inner or outer rings until a certain preload (or
a certain clearance) is obtained in the bearing arrangement. (Single row angular
contact ball bearings that are mounted in sets can be matched in production so
that when they are mounted immediately adjacent to each other,
predetermined values of preload are obtained.)
Cylindrical ball bearings with tapered bore are preloaded by driving the inner
ring up onto its tapered seating. For double direction angular contact thrust ball
bearings, the spacer sleeve arranged between the shaft washers is dimensioned so
that a suitable preload will be achieved once the bearing has been mounted.
In very high speed bearing arrangements incorporating angular contact ball
bearings, it is customary to axially preload by means of springs, which enables a
constant preload to be maintained throughout a whole range of operating
conditions.
In practice, the amount of preload that can be applied to a rolling bearing will
be limited, because frictional losses and operating temperature increase with
increasing preload, reducing bearing life. An optimum preload yields the greatest
possible bearing stiffness for the smallest increase in friction


Tolerance classes for precision bearings are standardized internationally. (Hybrid
bearings are made to the same tolerances as corresponding all-steel bearings.) For
those application demands where extreme precision is required, even greater accuracy
can be supplied by most major manufacturers.
Even in machine tools that utilize high-precision bearings, the performance objectives
of maximum running accuracy, high speeds, and low operating temperatures can only
be met if the mating parts and other associated components are made with equal
precision. In part, this is because bearing rings are relatively thin-walled and will tend
to adapt themselves to the form of the shaft or housing bore in machine tool
applications.
Any deformation or variances from specs of the shaft and housing bore seating,
therefore, will be transmitted to the raceways of the bearing rings. Resulting angular
misalignment of one bearing ring in relation to the other may then cause high
operating temperatures, especially where high-speed operation is intended. This can
be avoided by machining all parts precisely, including the axial support surfaces for
the faces of the bearing rings.
Potential problems can be solved at the outset by taking advantage of the design
and engineering expertise offered by experienced bearing manufacturers.
Such professional support can prove invaluable in selecting bearing types and
arrangements and in designing customized solutions fitting application requirements.
Whether striving for accuracy, stiffness, speed, load capacity, service life, or a
combination, expertise sought at the beginning of the design stage can make all the
difference in ultimately satisfying machine tool needs and expectations.


Formula Life of Bearing
base on FAG Standard
Lh = life bearing on 106 rotary
C = basic radial load ratings
P = load on bearing
p = exponen :
3 for ball bearing
10/3 for bush
p
h
P
C
L
|
.
|

\
|
=
Lh = life bearing in hours
n = rotary per minute
p
h
P
C
n
L
|
.
|

\
|

=
60
10
6
Load on bearing
Fr = Radial load (KN)
Fa = Axial load (KN)
X = Axial factor
Y = radial factor
a r
F y F x P . . + =
0
C
F
a
e
F
F
r
a
s
e
F
F
r
a
>
Normal Bearing Clearance Bearing Clearance C3 Bearing Clearance C4
e e e
x y x y x y x y x y x y
0.025 0.22 1 0 0.56 2 0.31 1 0 0.46 1.75 0.4 1 0 0.44 1.42
0.04 0.24 1 0 0.56 1.8 0.33 1 0 0.46 1.62 0.42 1 0 0.44 1.36
0.07 0.27 1 0 0.56 1.6 0.36 1 0 0.46 1.46 0.44 1 0 0.44 1.27
0.13 0.31 1 0 0.56 1.4 0.41 1 0 0.46 1.3 0.48 1 0 0.44 1.16
0.25 0.37 1 0 0.56 1.2 0.46 1 0 0.46 1.14 0.53 1 0 0.44 1.05
0.5 0.44 1 0 0.56 1 0.54 1 0 0.46 1 0.56 1 0 0.44 1
e
F
F
r
a
s e
F
F
r
a
>
e
F
F
r
a
s
e
F
F
r
a
>
Table of Deep Groove Ball Bearing
Single Bearing
SERVICE LIFE FOR FAG BEARING
Operating conditions and permissible wear
Application
Fields of Operating
Conditions
Wear Factor f
v

Motor vehicles
gear boxes g k 5 - 8
axle drives h k 3 6
water pumps k 5 7
clutches k 5 7
wheel bearing h i 4 6
Rail bound vehicles
haulage trolleys f h 12 15
trams e f 8 - 12
passenger coaches c d 8 - 12
freight cars c d 8 - 12
motor coaches d e 6 - 10
locomotives (outer bearing) d e 6 - 10
locomotives (inner bearing) d e 6 - 10
gears c - d 3 - 6
SERVICE LIFE FOR FAG BEARING
Operating conditions and permissible wear
Application
Fields of Operating
Conditions
Wear Factor f
v

Gear/general engineering
universal gears d e 3 8
gears motor d e 3 8
large-sized gears, stationary c - d 3 8
Material handling
belt drives/open cast mining c d 5 10
belt conveyor idlers g k 10 20
belt pulleys e f 10 15
bucket wheel excavators/drive d f 5 12
bucket wheel excavators/ bucket wheel e g 12 15
bucket wheel excavators/ bucket wheel drive c e 5 10
winding cable sheaves c d 8 12
Pump, blowers, compressors
small fans and blowers f h 5 8
medium-sized fans d f 3 - 5
large fans c d 3 5
centrifugal pumps d f 3 5
compressors d f 3 5
SERVICE LIFE FOR FAG BEARING
Operating conditions and permissible wear
Application
Fields of Operating
Conditions
Wear Factor f
v

Electric motors
electric motors for household appliances i k 3 - 5
standard motors c d 3 5
large motors b d 3 5
traction motors c - d 3 5
Machine tools
lathe spindles a b 0,5 1,5
milling spindles a b 0,5 1,5
boring spindles b c 1 2
grinding spindles c d 0,5 - 1
workstock spindles a b 0,5 1
machine tool gears c d 3 - 8
presses/flywheel d f 3 - 8
presses/eccentric shaft d e 3 5
electric tools g h 3 8
pneumatic tools g h 3 8
Woodworking machines
SERVICE LIFE FOR FAG BEARING
Operating conditions and permissible wear
Application
Fields of Operating
Conditions
Wear Factor f
v

milling cutter e f 1,5 3
cutter shaft e f 1,5 3
frame saws/main bearing e g 3 4
frame saws/con rod bearing c d 2 - 3
SERVICE LIFE FOR FAG BEARING
Operating conditions and permissible wear
Application
Fields of Operating
Conditions
Wear Factor f
v

Crushers, mills, screens etc.
jaw crushers f - g 8 12
cone crushers, roll crushers f - g 8 -10
beater mills c d 4 6
hammer mills, impact mills d e 5 8
tube mills f g 12 18
vibrating mills f g 3 5
vibrating screens e f 4 6
briquette presses e g 8 12
support rollers (kilns) f g 12 18
Paper making machines and printing machines
paper making machines/wet section b c 7 10
paper making machines/dry section a b 10 15
paper making machines/refiners b c 5 8
paper making machines/calenders a b 4 8
Printing machines a b 3 4