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Personnel,

Manpower,
Human Resources
and human resource Development
The big difference between these terms

Human resources are unique in character
HR alone can produce an output greater than its input
HR is the only resource which are animate
HR is most complex and unpredictable in its behavior
This is the only resource which appreciates in its value with the
passage of time.



Why Human Factor is More Important?
1) The members of an organisation are reservoirs of untapped
resources.
2) There is scope for unlimited development of these resources.
3) It is more in the nature of self-development than development thrust
from outside.
4) The organisation also undergoes development with the overall
benefits along with the development of its members.
5) The organisation further develops a culture in which utmost
emphasis is placed on harmonious superior-subordinate relations,
teamwork, collaboration among different groups of individuals,
open communication, and above all, integration of the goals of the
organisation with the needs of the employees.
6) Top management takes the initiative for HRM, formulates necessary
plans and strategies, and creates an overall climate and support for
its implementation.





Important Assumptions of HRM
Meaning and Definition
NIPM CALCUTTA" Personnel Management is that part of the
management function which is primarily concerned with human
relationships within in organization. Its objective is the maintenance of
those relationships on a basis which, by consideration of the well-being of
the individual, enables all those engaged in the undertaking to make their
maximum personal contribution in the effective working of the
undertaking.
Edwin B Flippo The personnel function is concerned with the
procurement, development, compensation, integration and maintenance
of the personnel of an organization for the purpose of contributing
towards the accomplishment of that organizations major goals or
objectives. Therefore, personnel management is the planning, organizing,
directing, and controlling of the performance of those operatives
functions.

Scope of HRM
Personnal Aspect: HRP, R & S, Placement, Transfer, Promotion, T&D,
PMS, Lay off, Retrenchment etc.

Welfare Aspect-Working conditions and amenities

Industrial Relations Aspect-Union Management relations, joint
consultation, collective bargaining, grievance handling and
disciplinary procedures, dispute settlement etc.

Functions of HRM
I. Managerial Functions:
a. Planning
b. Organizing
c. Directing
d. Controlling.
II. Operative Functions:
a. Procurement
b. Development
c. Compensation
d. Integration
e. Maintenance
Importance of HRM
The importance of HRM can be discussed at four levels corporate,
professional, social and national (Gupta, 1997).
1) Significance for an Enterprise: Human resource management can help
an enterprise in achieving its goals more efficiently and effectively in the
following ways:
a) Attracting and retaining the required talent through effective human
resource planning, recruitment, selection, placement, orientation,
compensation and promotion policies.
b) Developing the necessary skills and right attitudes among the employees
through training, development, performance appraisal, etc.
c) Securing willing co-operation of employees through motivation,
participation, grievance handling, etc.
Importance of HRM
d) Utilising effectively the available human resources.
e) Ensuring that the enterprise will have in future a team of competent and
dedicated employees.
2) Professional Significance: Effective management of human resources
helps to improve the quality of work life. It permits team work among
employees by providing a healthy, working environment. It contributes
to professional growth in the following ways:
a) Providing maximum opportunites for personal development of each
employee.
b) Maintaining healthy relationships between individuals and different work
groups.
c) Allocating work properly.
Importance of HRM
3) Social Significance: Sound human resource management has a great
significance for the society. It helps to enhance the dignity of labour in
the following ways:
a) Providing suitable employment that provides social and psychological
satisfaction to people.
b) Maintaining a balance between the jobs available and the jobseekers in
terms of numbers, qualifications, needs and aptitudes.
c) Eliminating waste of human resources through conservation of physical
and mental health.
Importance of HRM
4) National Significance: Human resources and their management plays a
vital role in the development of a nation. The effective exploitation and
utilisation of a nations natural, physical and financial resources require
an efficient and committed manpower. There are wide differences in
development between countries with similar resources due to
differences in the quality of their people. Countries are underdeveloped
because their people are backward. The level of development in a
country depends primarily on the skills, attitudes and values of its
human resources. Effective management of human resources helps to
speed up the process of economic growth which in turn leads to higher
standards of living and fuller employment.

Importance of HRM
Good HR Practices help :
Attract and retain talent
Train people for challenging role
Develop skills and competencies
Promote team spirit
Develop loyalty and commitment
Increase productivity and profits
Improve job satisfaction
Enhance standard of living
Generate employment opportunities

Roles of HR Manager
The following are the nine new roles of HR practitioner as suggested by
Pat McLegan:
1) To bring the issues and trends concerning an organisations external
and internal people to the attention of strategic decision-makers, and to
recommend long-term strategies to support organisational excellence
and endurance.
2) To design and prepare HR systems and actions for implementation so
that they can produce maximum impact on organisational performance
and development.
3) To facilitate the development and implementation of strategies for
transforming ones own organisation by pursuing values and visions.
Roles of HR Manager
4) To create the smoothest flow of products and services to customers;
to ensure the best and most flexible use of resources and competencies;
and to create commitment among the people who help us to meet
customers needs whether those people work directly for the
organisation or not.
5) To identify learning needs and then design and develop structured
learning programmes and materials to help accelerate learning for
individuals and groups.
6) To help individuals and groups work in new situations and to expand
and change their views so that people in power move from authoritarian
to participative models of leadership.

Roles of HR Manager
7) To help people assess their competencies, values, and goals so that
they can identify, plan, and implement development actions.
8) To assist individuals to add value in the workplace and to focus on the
interventions and interpersonal skills for helping people change and
sustain change.
9) To assess HRD practices and programmes and their impact and to
communicate results so that the organisation and its people accelerate
their change anddevelopment.
Roles of HR Manager
There are four roles which HR play, according to Dave Ulrich. The first,
strategic partner role-turning strategy into results by building
organisations that create value; the second, a change agent role-making
change happen and, in particular, help it happen fast; the third, an
employee champion role-managing the talent or the intellectual capital
within a firm; and the fourth, an administrative role-trying to get things
to happen better, faster and cheaper.
Responsibilities of HR Manager
The primary responsibilities of a human resource manager are:
To develop a thorough knowledge of corporate culture, plans and
policies.
To act as an internal change agent and consultant.
To initiate change and act as an expert and facilitator.
To actively involve himself in companys strategy formulation.
To keep communication lines open between the HRD function and
individuals and groups both within and outside the organisation.
To identify and evolve HRD strategies in consonance with overall
business strategy.
To facilitate the development of various organisational teams and their
working relationship with other teams and individuals.

Responsibilities of HR Manager
To try and relate people and work so that the organisation objectives
are achieved effectively and efficiently.
To diagnose problems and to determine appropriate solution
particularly in the human resources areas.
To provide co-ordination and support services for the delivery of HRD
programmes and services.
To evaluate the impact of an HRD intervention or to conduct research so
as to identify, develop or test how HRD in general has improved
individual or organisational performance.

Models of HRM


Models of HRM
Models of HRM
Evolution of HRM
Competitive Challenges and HRM
Technological Changes,
Workforce Diversity,
Employee Empowerment,
Managing Protean Careers,
Moonlighting Phenomenon etc.


Technological Changes
Technological Changes
Technological changes have several implications for human resource
management:
Jobs and organizational structures will have to be redesigned.
New compensation and incentive schemes need to be created.
Changes will also be necessary in recruitment, selection, training
and evaluation practices.
E-HR
Technological Changes
Workforce diversity means employees of an organization differ from
each other in terms of age, gender, education, language, values,
cultural norms, ethnic origin etc.
Workforce Diversity
Workforce Diversity
Managing Workplace Diversity
Understanding &
appreciating diversity
Critical to effectively
marketing to ethnic &
minority groups
Promoted by having
diverse workforce at all
levels
Helps ensure hiring &
promotion decisions are
unbiased by person
differences
Diversity management
programs or initiatives
Must be integrated with
organizations mission &
objectives
Help key decision makers
identify diversitys benefits
to organization
Make critical decisions
about implementing optimal
program/initiative
contingent on organization
& its people, mission &
culture.

Strategic Management of Diversity
Determine why diversity is important
Articulate how diversity relates to mission & strategic
objectives
Define diversity & determine how inclusive its efforts will
be
Make a decision as to whether special efforts should be
extended to attract diverse workforce
Assess how existing employees, customers, & other
constituencies feel about diversity
Determine specific types of diversity initiatives that will
be undertaken
Protean Career

The career of the 21st century will be protean, a career that is driven by
the person, not the organization, and that will be reinvented by the
person from time to time, as the person and the environment change.
Characteristics:
Focus on psychological success rather than vertical success

Lifelong series of identity changes and continuous learning

Career age counts, not chronological age

Job security replaced by the goal of employability


Protean Career


Sources of development are work challenges and relationships, not
necessarily training and retraining programs

The new career contract is not a pact with the organization; rather, it is
an agreement with ones self and ones work

Focus on learning metaskills (learning how to learn), i.e., how to develop
self-knowledge (about ones identity) and adaptability

Adaptability and identity learning is best accomplished through
interactions with other people (reflected in interdependence, mutuality,
reciprocity, and learning from differences)



Basic Model of
How to Align
HR Strategy
and Actions
with Business
Strategy
Source: Adapted from Garrett Walker and J. Randal
MacDonald, Designing and Implementing an HR
Scorecard, Human Resources Management 40, no. 4
(2001), p. 370.
Translating Strategy
into HR Policy and
Practice
Strategic HR Relationships
HR
Activities
Emergent
Employee
Behaviors
Strategically
Relevant
Organizational
Outcomes
Organizational
Performance
Achieve
Strategic
Goals
TECNIA INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED STUDIES
HR Scorecard for
the Hotel Paris
International
Corporation*
Note:*(An abbreviated
example showing selected
HR practices and outcomes
aimed at implementing the
competitive strategy, To
use superior guest services
to differentiate the Hotel
Paris properties and thus
increase the length of
stays and the return rate
of guests, and thus boost
revenues and
profitability).
TECNIA INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED STUDIES

Methods of Gathering Job Information
Interviews
Observations of employees on job
Questionnaires about job processes
Diaries of time spent on job



Steps in Conducting a Job Analysis
1. Collect the background information.
2. Determine the desired applications of the job
analysis.
3. Select the jobs to be analyzed.
4. Select the representative jobs.
5. Gather the job information.
6. Verify the accuracy of job information.
7. Document the job analysis by writing a job
description.
Techniques of Job Analysis
1. Task Inventory Analysis.
2. Critical Incident Technique.
3. Position Analysis Questionnaire.
4. Functional Job Analysis.
5. Methods Analysis.
6. Management Position Description
Questionnaire.
7. Hay Plan.
Techniques of Job Analysis
Techniques of Job Analysis
Techniques of Job Analysis
Techniques of Job Analysis
Techniques of Job Analysis
Techniques of Job Analysis
Job Description
A written document that identifies, describes
and defines a job in terms of its duties,
responsibilities, working conditions and
specifications.
Job Specification
The worker characteristics needed to perform
a job successfully.
Differentiate between Job Description and Job
Specification
Job Description is a
functional description of
what the job entails. And
define the purpose and
scope of a job. It is a written
record it contains title,
location, duties,
responsibilities, working
conditions, hazards and
relationship with other jobs.

Job specification is a
statement of the minimum
acceptable human qualities
required for the proper
performance of a job.
It includes physical, mental,
social, psychological and
behavioral characteristics of
a person
FIGURE 6-6

Approaches
to Dealing
with Jobs
Job Design
Job Design is the process of deciding on the contents
of a job in terms of its duties and responsibilities, on
the methods to be used in carrying out the job, in
terms of techniques, systems and procedures, and on
the relationships that should exist between the
jobholder and his superiors, subordinates &
colleagues.
It is a deliberate & systematic attempt to structure the
technical & social aspects of work so as to improve
technical efficiency & job satisfaction.
Job Design
It is an attempt to create a match between job
requirements & human attributes.
It involves both organising the components of the job
and the interaction patterns among the members of a
work group.

The main objective of job design is to integrate the
needs of the individual and the requirements of the
organization.
Needs of employees include job satisfaction in terms
of interest, challenge and achievement.
Organizational requirements refer to high productivity,
technical efficiency and quality of work.
Job Design Theory
Characteristics:
1. Skill variety
2. Task identity
3. Task significance
4. Autonomy
5. Feedback
Job Characteristics
Model
Identifies five job
characteristics and their
relationship to personal
and work outcomes.
Job Design Theory (contd)
Job Characteristics Model
Jobs with skill variety, task identity, task significance,
autonomy, and for which feedback of results is given, directly
affect three psychological states of employees:
Knowledge of results
Meaningfulness of work
Personal feelings of responsibility for results
Increases in these psychological states result in increased
motivation, performance, and job satisfaction.
Characteristics Examples

Skill Variety
High variety The owner-operator of a garage who does electrical repair, rebuilds
engines,
does body work, and interacts with customers
Low variety A bodyshop worker who sprays paint eight hours a day
Task Identity
High identity A cabinetmaker who designs a piece of furniture, selects the wood,
builds the object, and finishes it to perfection
Low identity A worker in a furniture factory who operates a lathe to make table legs
Task Significance
High significance Nursing the sick in a hospital intensive care unit
Low significance Sweeping hospital floors
Autonomy
High autonomy A telephone installer who schedules his or her own work for the day,
and decides on the best techniques for a particular installation
Low autonomy A telephone operator who must handle calls as they come according to
a routine, highly specified procedure
Feedback
High feedback An electronics factory worker who assembles a radio and then tests it to
determine if it operates properly
Low feedback An electronics factory worker who assembles a radio and then routes it
to a quality control inspector who tests and adjusts it
Examples of High and Low Job Characteristics
The Job Characteristics Model
Source: J.R. Hackman and G.R. Oldham, Work Design (excerpted from pp. 7880). 1980
by Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Inc. Reprinted by permission of Addison-Wesley
Longman, Inc.
Job Design Theory (contd)
Skill Variety
The degree to which a job requires a variety of different
activities (how may different skills are used in a given
day, week, month?).
Task Identity
The degree to which the job requires completion of a whole
and identifiable piece of work (from beginning to end).
Task Significance
The degree to which the job has a substantial impact on the
lives or work of other people.
Job Design Theory (contd)
Autonomy
The degree to which the job provides substantial
freedom and discretion to the individual in
scheduling the work and in determining the
procedures to be used in carrying it out.
Feedback
The degree to which carrying out the work activities
required by a job results in the individual obtaining
direct and clear information about the effectiveness
of his or her performance.
Computing a Motivating Potential Score
People who work on jobs with high core dimensions are
generally more motivated, satisfied, and productive.
Job dimensions operate through the psychological states
in influencing personal and work outcome variables rather
than influencing them directly.
Job Design
as a motivator. Job satisfaction and performance
depend on the jobholders perceptions of the job
rather than actual contents of the job.
Job Design and Scheduling
Job Rotation
The periodic shifting of a worker
from one task to another.
Job Enlargement
The horizontal expansion
of jobs.
Job Enrichment
The vertical expansion of jobs.
Guidelines for Enriching a Job
Source: J.R. Hackman and J.L. Suttle, eds., Improving Life at Work (Glenview, IL: Scott Foresman, 1977), p. 138.
Job Design

Job Design

Job Design

Job Design

Job Design
7. Encouraging employees to participate in deciding
organisational goals and policies.

8. Introducing new, difficult and create tasks to the
employees.
When to use Job Enrichment

Designing jobs, equipment, and work tasks to fit human
physical characteristics and energy limitations
It considers body dimensions, mobility, and the bodys
stress behavior
Make the work fit the person, not the person fit the work.

Ergonomic design is the application of this body of
knowledge to the design of the workplace (work tasks,
equipment, environment) for safe and efficient use by
workers.
Good ergonomic design makes the most efficient use of
worker capabilities while ensuring that job demands do not
exceed those capabilities.
Ergonomics
Ergonomics
Ergonomics
Ergonomics
Ergonomics
Ergonomics
Ergonomics
Ergonomics
Ergonomics
Ergonomics
Ergonomics
Alternative Work Arrangements
Flextime
Employees work during a common core time period
each day but have discretion in forming their total
workday from a flexible set of hours outside the core.
Job Sharing
The practice of having two or more people split a
40-hour-a-week job.
Example of a Flextime Schedule
Alternative Work Arrangements, cont.
Categories of telecommuting jobs:
Routine information handling tasks
Mobile activities
Professional and other knowledge-related
tasks
Telecommuting
Employees do their work at home on a computer
that is linked to their office.
Telecommuting
Advantages
Larger labor pool
Higher productivity
Less turnover
Improved morale
Reduced office-space
costs
Disadvantages
(Employer)
Less direct supervision
of employees
Difficult to coordinate
teamwork
Difficult to evaluate
non-quantitative
performance

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