2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cisco Public ITE I Chapter 6 1

Communicating over the
Network
Network Fundamentals Chapter 2
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Objectives
Identify the structure of a network, including the
devices and media that are necessary for successful
communications.
Identify the function of protocols in network
communications.
Identify the advantages of using a layered model to
describe network functionality.
Identify the role of each layer in two recognized
network models: The TCP/IP model and the OSI
model.
Identify the importance of addressing and naming
schemes in network communications.
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Network Structure
Elements of communication
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Network Structure
How messages are communicated
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Network Structure
Components of a network

Software: Network applications i.e. Web
Server(http), File Transfer (FTP), Internet
Relay chat (IRC), Domain Name Translation
(DNS), Email (SMTP)
Hardware: Laptop, PC , NIC, Repeater, Hub
switch, modem, Wireless routers
Communications servers, Routers, cables,
Free space
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Network Structure
End Devices and their Role in the Network
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Network Structure
Intermediary devices connect the individual hosts to the network and can
connect multiple individual networks to form an internetwork.
Examples:
Network Access Devices (Hubs, switches, and wireless access points)
Internetworking Devices (routers)
Communication Servers and Modems
Security Devices (firewalls)

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Network Types
Local Area Networks (LANs)
Topologies include:
Star
Mesh
Ring
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Network Types
Wide Area Networks (WANs)

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Network Types
Internet
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Network Types
Network Icons
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Function of Protocol in Network
Communication
Protocols and layered models facilitate communication
over data networks

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Function of Protocol in Network
Communication
Network protocols

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Function of Protocol in Network
Communication
Different protocols interact between layers

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Function of Protocol in Network
Communication
Protocols allow Technology independence
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Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
Layered models facilitate complex design from multiple
vendors


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Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
TCP/IP Model (Working model of the Internet)


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Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
Communication Process is through each layer

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Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
Protocol data units (PDU) and encapsulation

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Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
Process of sending and receiving messages


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Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
Protocol and reference models

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Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
OSI Model Layers

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Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model
Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP model

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Addressing and Naming Schemes
Encapsulation headers are used to manage
communication in data networks


Allows data to move between end
devices using MAC addressing and IP
addressing

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public ITE 1 Chapter 6 25
Addressing and Naming Schemes
Getting the Data to the end Device on Data-Link Layer

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Addressing and Naming Schemes
Getting the Data through the Internetwork

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Addressing and Naming Schemes
Port numbers are used to identify the destination
application

FTP (21),SSH(22),Telnet(23),
Email(25), http(80)
www(8080) IRC(6667)
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IP addressing Basics

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IP addressing Basics

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IP addressing Basics

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IP addressing Basics

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Example
Example: For the address 192.168.1.3
Determine:

The length of the subnet mask in bits.
The Subnet mask format in dotted decimal format
The class of the address
The number of bits in the host portion
The network address
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public ITE 1 Chapter 6 33
Solution

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public ITE 1 Chapter 6 34
Solutions
The length of the subnet mask in bits. (24)
The Subnet mask format in dotted decimal format
(255.255.255.0)
The class of the address (C)
The number of bits in the host portion (8 bits)
The network address (192.168.1.0 i.e. when all the
host bits are 0)

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public ITE 1 Chapter 6 35
Network Models and Protocols
2.6.2 Using Wireshark to vew PDUs
3.4.2 Managing a small web server
(Applications, Addressing, Protocols, connectivity)