By

DINESH

700 A.D. Asia
100 B.C. Romans
Natural Bridges
Clapper Bridge
Tree trunk
Stone
The Arch
Natural Cement
Roman Arch Bridge
History of Bridge Development
Great Stone Bridge in China
Low Bridge
Shallow Arch
1300 A.D. Renaissance
Strength of
Materials
Mathematical
Theories
Development of
Metal
First Cast-Iron Bridge
Coalbrookdale, England
1800 A.D.
History of Bridge Development
Britannia Tubular Bridge
1850 A.D.
Wrought Iron
Truss Bridges
Mechanics of
Design
Suspension Bridges
Use of Steel for
the suspending
cables
1900 A.D.
1920 A.D.
Prestressed
Concrete
Steel
2000 A.D.
Every passing vehicle shakes the bridge up and
down, making waves that can travel at hundreds of
kilometers per hour. Luckily the bridge is designed
to damp them out, just as it is designed to ignore
the efforts of the wind to turn it into a giant harp. A
bridge is not a dead mass of metal and concrete: it
has a life of its own, and understanding its
movements is as important as understanding the
static forces.
How Bridges Work?
Compression Tension
Basic Concepts
Span - the distance between two bridge
supports, whether they are columns, towers or
the wall of a canyon.
Compression - a force which acts to compress
or shorten the thing it is acting on.
Tension - a force which acts to expand or
lengthen the thing it is acting on.
Force - any action that tends to maintain or alter the position of a
structure
Basic Concepts
Beam - a rigid, usually horizontal, structural element
Pier - a vertical supporting structure, such as a pillar
Cantilever - a projecting structure supported only at one end, like a
shelf bracket or a diving board
Beam
Pier
Load - weight distribution throughout a structure
Basic Concepts
Truss - a rigid frame composed of short, straight pieces joined to
form a series of triangles or other stable shapes
Stable - (adj.) ability to resist collapse and deformation; stability (n.)
characteristic of a structure that is able to carry a realistic load
without collapsing or deforming significantly
Deform - to change shape
To dissipate forces is to spread them out over a greater area, so that
no one spot has to bear the brunt of the concentrated force.
To transfer forces is to move the forces from an area of weakness to
an area of strength, an area designed to handle the forces.
Basic Concepts
Buckling is what happens when the force of
compression overcomes an object's ability to
handle compression. A mode of failure
characterized generally by an unstable lateral
deflection due to compressive action on the
structural element involved.
Snapping is what happens when tension overcomes an object's
ability to handle tension.
Indian road congress bridge loading
IRC class AA loading(tracked-700 and
wheeled)
IRC class 70R loading loading (tracked-700
and wheeled)
IRC class A loading (tracked-114 and
wheeled)
IRC class B loading (tracked-332 and
wheeled)

British standard loading
HA type of loading- UDL + Knife edge loading
HB type of loading -1800kN

AASHTO (American Association of state
highway transport officials) loading-320.3kN

According to Indian standards
I = A/(B+L)
Where
I= Impact factor
A & B are constant
L= Span in metres
According to British standards
An impact allowance of 25% has been
provided for HA loading and No impact factor
for HB loading is given.
According to AASHTO loading
Impact allowance = 50/(L+25)
Types of Bridges
Beam Bridge
Consists of a horizontal beam supported at each end by piers. The
weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers. The farther
apart its piers, the weaker the beam becomes. This is why beam
bridges rarely span more than 250 feet.
Forces
When something pushes down on the beam, the beam bends.
Its top edge is pushed together, and its bottom edge is pulled
apart.
Types of Bridges
Beam Bridge
Truss Bridge
Forces
Every bar in this cantilever bridge experiences either a pushing
or pulling force. The bars rarely bend. This is why cantilever
bridges can span farther than beam bridges
Types of Bridges
Arch Bridges
The arch has great natural strength. Thousands of years ago,
Romans built arches out of stone. Today, most arch bridges are
made of steel or concrete, and they can span up to 800 feet.
Types of Bridges
Forces
The arch is squeezed together, and this squeezing force is carried
outward along the curve to the supports at each end. The supports,
called abutments, push back on the arch and prevent the ends of the
arch from spreading apart.
Types of Bridges
Arch Bridges
Suspension Bridges
This kind of bridges can span 2,000 to 7,000 feet -- way farther than
any other type of bridge! Most suspension bridges have a truss
system beneath the roadway to resist bending and twisting.
Types of Bridges
Forces
In all suspension bridges, the roadway hangs from massive steel
cables, which are draped over two towers and secured into solid
concrete blocks, called anchorages, on both ends of the bridge. The
cars push down on the roadway, but because the roadway is
suspended, the cables transfer the load into compression in the two
towers. The two towers support most of the bridge's weight.
Types of Bridges
Suspension Bridges
The cable-stayed bridge, like the suspension bridge, supports the
roadway with massive steel cables, but in a different way. The cables
run directly from the roadway up to a tower, forming a unique "A"
shape.
Cable-stayed bridges are becoming the most popular bridges for
medium-length spans (between 500 and 3,000 feet).
Types of Bridges
Cable-Stayed Bridge
Pythagorean Theorem
Basic math and science concepts
Bridge Engineering
a
g
b
a
c
b
c
2
=b
2
+a
2

a+b+g=180

Basic math and science concepts
Bridge Engineering
Fundamentals of Statics
SF
y
= R
1
+R
2
-P = 0
SF
x
= 0
F

R
1
R
2
x
y
Basic math and science concepts
Bridge Engineering
Fundamentals of Mechanics of Materials
Modulus of Elasticity (E):
E
e
s
E=
Stress
Strain
F/A
DL/L
o
=
Where:
F = Longitudinal Force
A = Cross-sectional Area
DL = Elongation
L
o
= Original Length
L
o
F
F
To design a bridge like you need to take into account the
many forces acting on it :
The pull of the earth on every part
The ground pushing up the supports
The resistance of the ground to the pull of the cables
The weight of every vehicle
Then there is the drag and lift produced by the wind
The turbulence as the air rushes past the towers
Basic concepts
Bridge Engineering
Truss Analysis
Bridge Engineering
Structural Stability Formula
K = 2J - R
Where:
K = The unknown to be solved
J = Number of Joints
M = Number of Members
R = 3 (number of sides of a triangle)
K Results Analysis:
If M = K Stable Design
If M < K Unstable Design
If M > K Indeterminate Design
Truss Analysis
Bridge Engineering
Structural Stability Formula (Example)
Joints
J=9
Members
M=15
K = 2 (9) 3 = 15
15 = M = K then The design is stable
http://www.jhu.edu/virtlab/bridge/truss.htm
West Point Bridge Software:
http://bridgecontest.usma.edu/
Bridge Engineering
Truss Analysis
Tips for building a bridge
1. Commitment - Dedication and attention to details. Be sure you
understand the event rules before designing your prototype.
1) Draw your preliminary design
2) ALL joints should have absolutely flush surfaces before applying glue.
Glue is not a "gap filler", it dooms the structure!
3) Structures are symmetric.
4) Most competitions require these structures to be weighed. Up to
20% of the structure's mass may be from over gluing.
Stresses flow like water.
Where members come together there are stress
concentrations that can destroy your structure.
Here is a connection detail of one of the spaghetti
bridges.
The Importance of Connections
Tacoma Narrows Failure
Prestressed concrete is basically concrete in which internal stresses
of a
suitable magnitude and distribution are introduced so that the stresses
resulting from external loads are counteracted to a desired degree.

Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. The tensile
strength
of concrete is about one-tenth of its compressive strength. Since
concrete is
weak in tension, an R.C.C beam at times develops minute cracks in
concrete
on tension side of the beam, even when the stress developed in
tensile steel
is much less than its permissible value.
Prestressing has two types:-
1. Pre-tensioning.
2. Post-tensioning.

Pre-tensioning:
In the pretensioning the tendons are first tensioned between rigid anchor
blocks cast on the ground or in a column or unit mould type tensioning bed,
prior to the casting of concrete in the moulds. The tendons comprising
individual wires or strands are stretched with constant or variable
eccentricity with tendon anchorage at one end and jacks at the other end.
With the forms in place, the concrete is cast around the stressed tendon.

Post-tensioning:
In post tensioning the concrete units are first cast by incorporating ducts or
grooves to house the tendons. When the concrete attains sufficient strength,
the high tensile wires are tensioned by means of means of jack bearing on
the end face of the member and anchored by wedges or nuts
Prestressed concrete bridges are
High strength concrete
High tensile steel
They are Class I type without any tensile
stresses under service load resulting in crack
free structure.
It Is suited for composite bridges also(precast
pretensioned girder and casit in situ deck)


Postensioning bridge decks are adopted for
longer spans exceeding 20m
In Post tensioning curved cables are used to
improve the shear resistance of the cable.
Methodology for pre-tensioning of the I-girder:

1. Laying of cables
2. PVC pipes are used for debonding of the cables.
3. Cables are locked using the wedges and barrels. These wedges and
barrels provide such arrangement that cable can come out of it, but
cant go back.
4. Stressing
Monostran
d hydraulic
jack
Cables
Wedges and
barrels
Prestressing pump








I-girders can be used only for the spans smaller than 20-25 m or
which are
not curved. For curved spans and spans which are greater than 20-25
m, box
girders are used.

ELEVATION
PRE-TENSIONED I-
GIRDERS
ELEVATION
SECTION AT SUPPORTS (Y-Y)
SECTION AT CENTRE(Z-Z)
AREA -463125mm
2
AREA -570069.44mm
2
CLASS-A MOST ECCENTRIC
CLASS-A SYMMETRIC TO G2
CLASS-A TWO LANE
CLASS 70R MOST ECCENTRIC
Express Highway and Swami Vivekanand road
at Bandra and connects to Worli at Worli end
with overall length of 5.6 kms for the entire
project.

For the purpose of deck cant be constructed
above the sea and also in the portion of jetty
Partially cast in situ and partially precast
Can be used instead of scaffolding.

Loads
Only dead load and SIDL is considered
(DL+SIDL)
Considering only depth of precast deck panel
alone
Considering only self weight of deck as
Uniformly distributed load

Both Dead load and live load are considered
(DL+LL)
Considering full depth of the deck
Design by using Strut and Tie


Thank You