Questions from this Presentation

1. Principles of growth and Development-Explain

2. Factor that influence growth and development.
3. Classification of Play-Explain
4. Physical Growth and Developmental milestones
during infancy.
5. 4. Physical Growth and Developmental
milestones during toddlers, pre-schooler, School-
age child and adolescent age.

Growth and Development

Definitions of
Growth and Development
Growth
Increase in physical size of a whole or any
of its parts, or an increase in number and
size of cells: Growth can be measured
Development
A continuous, orderly series of conditions
that leads to activities, new motives for
activities, and patterns of behavior

PRINCIPLES
OF
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Principles of G&D
Occurs in an orderly sequence
Development is Directional
Individualized each child is unique
Development is interrelated
Development becomes increasingly
differentiated.
Development becomes increasingly
integrated and complex


Patterns of Growth and
Development
Cephalocaudal Pattern (head to toe)
Proximodistal Pattern (from center outward)
Periods of greatest growth
A rapid pace from birth to 2 years
A slower pace from 2 years to puberty
A rapid pace from puberty to
approximately 15 years
A sharp decline from 16 years to
approximately 24 years when full adult
size is reached

Factors that Influence Growth
and Development
Genetics
Environment
Culture
Nutrition
Health status
Family
Parental attitudes
Child-rearing philosophies
Genetic influences on growth
and development
pattern, rate, rhythm and extent:
governed by genes interplaying with environment
intrauterine life extremely important in growth and
healthy development of the child
Environmental influences
family composition
family position in society
family socioeconomic status
knowledge of the family
availability of healthy diets
housing
diseases present in family and child
Cultural influences
Must be considered when assessing
growth and development
Customs vs. work demands from
different cultures
Nutritional influences
Begins during the prenatal period
LBW/preterm can result from poor
prenatal nutrition
Socio-economics may impact growth
Classification of Play
Functional or Practice play
Involves repetitive muscle movements
Infant plays with objects making use of their
properties to produce pleasurable effects
Symbolic play
Child incorporates some object, uses a theme, and
then play the role that each player will have
Games
Includes rules and usually played
by more than one person
Mainly used by school-age child and helps to learn
boundaries, teamwork, taking turns, and competition
Social Aspects of Play
Solitary play
Parallel Play
Associative play
Cooperative Play
Onlooker Play
Solitary Play
Independent play

Child plays alone with toys that are very different
from those chosen by other children in the area.

Begins in infancy and goes through toddler age
Two children are displaying typical parallel play
since they enjoy playing near other children, but
are NOT engaging in social interactions with
each other. Which cognitive and motor skills are
these children developing?
Parallel Play
Usually Toddler
Associative Play
Group play without group goals
Even though playing with same toys,
there is lack of formal organization

Mostly seen in
toddler - preschooler
Preschoolers have well-developed language, motor,
and social skills, and they can work cooperatively
together on an art project, as this group is doing.
Cooperative Play
Onlooker Play
Child observes others playing.

Although the child may ask questions of
the players, the child does not attempt
to join the play
Functions of Play
Physical Development
Cognitive Development
Emotional Development
Social Development
Moral Development
INFANT
MOTOR MILESTONES
BIRTH TO 12 MONTHS


Physical Growth and Development Milestones During Infancy

Birth to 1 month

Infancy 2-4 months
Infancy 4-6 months
Infancy - 6-8 months
Infancy - 10-12 months
Summary of key points - Infant
Nursing Interventions
Encourage parents to hold and stay with infant.
Provide opportunities for sucking.
Provide infant with toys that give comfort or
stimulate interest

Developmental milestones
Rolls over; Sits up; Stands.
Able to say one to two words.
Uses pincer grasp well.

1-3 months Reflex smile that becomes more
voluntary and reciprocal

3-4 months Babbling, crying more differentiated

4-6 months Squealing, playing with sound,
identifying parents voice

6-8 months Single-consonant babbling, increasing
interest in sound

8-9 months Stringing of vowels and consonants,
use of some words

9-12 months Vocabulary of two to three words, use
of gestures

Milestones in Infant Communication
TODDLER
1-3 years
Developmental milestones for Toddler
Summary of Key points - toddler
Nursing Interventions
Maintain toilet-training procedures.
Encourage appropriate independent behavior.
Give short explanations.
Provide rewards for appropriate behaviors.
Developmental milestones
Walks up and down stairs; Kicks a ball.
Undresses self.
Scribbles on paper.
Has a vocabulary of 1000 words and uses short
sentences.

Pre-schooler
4-5 years of age
Milestones for the Preschooler
Summary of Key points - preschooler
Nursing Interventions
Encourage parents to be involved in care of child.
Provide safe versions of medical equipment for
playtime.
Give clear explanations about procedures and
illnesses.

Milestones
Uses scissors.
Rides bicycle with training wheels.
Throws a ball.
Writes a few letters.
All parts of speech well-developed.


School-age Child
6-12 years old
Developmental Milestones School-age
Summary of Key points School-age
Nursing Interventions
Provide for privacy and modesty.
Explain treatments and procedures clearly.
Encourage continuation of school work.
Milestones
Possesses reading ability.
Rides a two-wheeled bike.
Jumps rope.
Plays organized sports.
Mature use of language.

Adolescent age
12-21 years
Adolescent
Psychosocial development
Independence
Identity
Peers
Language use
Exploration and rebellion
Need for privacy
Sexuality
Cognitive development
Formal operations
Abstract thinking


Summary of Key points Adolescent
Nursing Interventions
Provide privacy.
Interview and examine adolescent without parents present, if
possible.
Encourage adolescent participation in treatment and
decision making.
Encourage visitation of peers.

Milestones
Fine motor skills well-developed.
Gross motor skills improve due to growth spurts.
Able to apply abstract thought and analysis.