Artificial intelligence (AI) is the branch of computer science that deals with ways of representing knowledge using symbols rather than numbers. Natural intelligence is more creative people use sensory experience directly can use a wide context of information to make decisions. Artificial intelligence is not a substitute for natural intelligence.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the branch of computer science that deals with ways of representing knowledge using symbols rather than numbers. Natural intelligence is more creative people use sensory experience directly can use a wide context of information to make decisions. Artificial intelligence is not a substitute for natural intelligence.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the branch of computer science that deals with ways of representing knowledge using symbols rather than numbers. Natural intelligence is more creative people use sensory experience directly can use a wide context of information to make decisions. Artificial intelligence is not a substitute for natural intelligence.
Systems 2 Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems Managerial Decision Makers are Knowledge Workers Use Knowledge in Decision Making Accessibility to Knowledge Issue Knowledge-Based Decision Support: Applied Artificial Intelligence 3 AI Concepts and Definitions Many Definitions AI Involves Studying Human Thought Processes Representing Thought Processes on Machines 4 Artificial Intelligence Behavior by a machine that, if performed by a human being, would be considered intelligent study of how to make computers do things at which, at the moment, people are better (Rich and Knight [1991]) Theory of how the human mind works (Mark Fox) 5 AI Objectives Make machines smarter (primary goal) Understand what intelligence is (Nobel Laureate purpose) Make machines more useful (entrepreneurial purpose)
(Winston and Prendergast [1984]) 6 Signs of Intelligence Learn or understand from experience Make sense out of ambiguous or contradictory messages Respond quickly and successfully to new situations Use reasoning to solve problems 7 More Signs of Intelligence Deal with perplexing situations Understand and infer in ordinary, rational ways Apply knowledge to manipulate the environment Think and reason Recognize the relative importance of different elements in a situation 8 AI Programs Manipulate Symbols to Solve Problems
Symbols and Symbol Structures Form Knowledge Representation
Artificial Intelligence Dealings Primarily with Symbolic, Nonalgorithmic Problem-Solving Methods 9 Characteristics of Artificial Intelligence Numeric versus Symbolic Algorithmic versus Nonalgorithmic 10 Heuristic Methods for Processing Information Search Inferencing
AI is the branch of computer science that deals with ways of representing knowledge using symbols rather than numbers and with rules-of- thumb, or heuristic, methods for processing information. 11 AI Advantages Over Natural Intelligence More permanent Ease of duplication and dissemination Less expensive Consistent and thorough Can be documented Can execute certain tasks much faster than a human can Can perform certain tasks better than many or even most people 12 Natural Intelligence Advantages over AI Natural intelligence is creative People use sensory experience directly Can use a wide context of experience in different situations
AI - Very Narrow Focus 13 Knowledge in Artificial Intelligence Knowledge encompasses the implicit and explicit restrictions placed upon objects (entities), operations, and relationships along with general and specific heuristics and inference procedures involved in the situation being modeled
Of data, information, and knowledge, KNOWLEDGE is most abstract and in the smallest quantity 14 Uses of Knowledge Knowledge consists of facts, concepts, theories, heuristic methods, procedures, and relationships Knowledge is also information organized and analyzed for understanding and applicable to problem solving or decision making Knowledge base - the collection of knowledge related to a problem (or opportunity) used in an AI system Typically limited in some specific, usually narrow, subject area or domain The narrow domain of knowledge, and that an AI system must involve some qualitative aspects of decision making (critical for AI application success) 15 Knowledge Bases Search the Knowledge Base for Relevant Facts and Relationships Reach One or More Alternative Solutions to a Problem Augments the User (Typically a Novice) 16 Table 6.2: Artificial Intelligence vs. Conventional Programming Dimension Artificial Intelligence Conventional Programming Processing Primarily Symbolic Primarily Algorithmic Nature of Input Can be Incomplete Must be Complete Search Heuristic (Mostly) Algorithms Explanation Provided Usually Not Provided Major Interest Knowledge Data, Information Structure Separation of Control from Knowledge Control Integrated with Information (Data) Nature of Output Can be Incomplete Must be Correct Maintenance and Update Easy Because of Modularity Usually Difficult Hardware Mainly Workstations and Personal Computers All Types Reasoning Capability Limited, but Improving None 17 Major AI Areas Expert Systems Natural Language Processing Speech Understanding Robotics and Sensory Systems Computer Vision and Scene Recognition Intelligent Computer-Aided Instruction Neural Computing 18 Additional AI Areas News Summarization Language Translation Fuzzy Logic Genetic Algorithms Intelligent Software Agents 19 3 An Expert System Solution General Electric's (GE) : Top Locomotive Field Service Engineer was Nearing Retirement Traditional Solution: Apprenticeship but would like A more effective and dependable way to disseminate expertise To prevent valuable knowledge from retiring To minimize extensive travel or moving the locomotives
To MODEL the way a human troubleshooter works Months of knowledge acquisition 3 years of prototyping A novice engineer or technician can perform at an experts level On a personal computer Installed at every railroad repair shop served by GE 20 4 (ES) Introduction Expert System vs. knowledge-based system An Expert System is a system that employs human knowledge captured in a computer to solve problems that ordinarily require human expertise ES imitate the experts reasoning processes to solve specific problems 21 Expert Systems Attempt to Imitate Expert Reasoning Processes and Knowledge in Solving Specific Problems Most Popular Applied AI Technology Enhance Productivity Augment Work Forces Narrow Problem-Solving Areas or Tasks 22 Expert Systems Provide Direct Application of Expertise
Expert Systems Do Not Replace Experts, But They Make their Knowledge and Experience More Widely Available Permit Nonexperts to Work Better 23 Expert Systems Expertise Transferring Experts Inferencing Rules Explanation Capability 24 Expertise The extensive, task-specific knowledge acquired from training, reading and experience Theories about the problem area Hard-and-fast rules and procedures Rules (heuristics) Global strategies Meta-knowledge (knowledge about knowledge) Facts Enables experts to be better and faster than nonexperts 25 Human Expert Behaviors Recognize and formulate the problem Solve problems quickly and properly Explain the solution Learn from experience Restructure knowledge Break rules Determine relevance Degrade gracefully 26 17 Human Experts Knowledge acquisition from human experts the paradox of expertise 27 Transferring Expertise Objective of an expert system To transfer expertise from an expert to a computer system and Then on to other humans (nonexperts) Activities Knowledge acquisition Knowledge representation Knowledge inferencing Knowledge transfer to the user Knowledge is stored in a knowledge base 28 Two Knowledge Types Facts Procedures (usually rules)
Regarding the Problem Domain 29 Inferencing Reasoning (Thinking) The computer is programmed so that it can make inferences Performed by the Inference Engine 30 Rules IF-THEN-ELSE
Explanation Capability By the justifier, or explanation subsystem ES versus Conventional Systems 31 22 Knowledge as Rules MYCIN rule example: IF the infection is meningitis AND patient has evidence of serious skin or soft tissue infection AND organisms were not seen on the stain of the culture AND type of infection is bacterial THEN There is evidence that the organism (other than those seen on cultures or smears) causin the infection is Staphylococus coagpus.
32 Structure of Expert Systems Development Environment Consultation (Runtime) Environment 33 Three Major ES Components User Interface Inference Engine Knowledge Base 34 26 Knowledge Base Inference Engine User Interface Explanation Facility Working Memory Knowledge Acquisition ES Shell Database, Spreadsheets, etc. Basic ES Structure 35 All ES Components Knowledge Acquisition Subsystem Knowledge Base Inference Engine User Interface Blackboard (Workplace) Explanation Subsystem (Justifier) Knowledge Refining System User
Most ES do not have a Knowledge Refinement Component (See Figure 10.3) 36 Knowledge Base The knowledge base contains the knowledge necessary for understanding, formulating, and solving problems
Two Basic Knowledge Base Elements Facts Special heuristics, or rules that direct the use of knowledge
Knowledge is the primary raw material of ES Incorporated knowledge representation 37 Inference Engine The brain of the ES The control structure (rule interpreter) Provides methodology for reasoning 38 User Interface Language processor for friendly, problem-oriented communication NLP, or menus and graphics 39 35 The Human Element in Expert Systems Builder and User Expert and Knowledge engineer.
The Expert Has the special knowledge, judgment, experience and methods to give advice and solve problems Provides knowledge about task performance 40 36 The Knowledge Engineer Helps the expert(s) structure the problem area by interpreting and integrating human answers to questions, drawing analogies, posing counterexamples, and bringing to light conceptual difficulties
Usually also the System Builder 41 37 The User Possible Classes of Users A non-expert client seeking direct advice - the ES acts as a Consultant or Advisor A student who wants to learn - an I nstructor An ES builder improving or increasing the knowledge base - a Partner An expert - a Colleague or Assistant The Expert and the Knowledge Engineer Should Anticipate Users' Needs and Limitations When Designing ES 42 How Expert Systems Work Major Activities of ES Construction and Use
Development Consultation Improvement 43 40 ES Development Construction of the knowledge base Knowledge separated into Declarative (factual) knowledge and Procedural knowledge Construction (or acquisition) of an inference engine, a blackboard, an explanation facility, and any other software Determine appropriate knowledge representations 44 ES Shell Includes All Generic ES Components But No Knowledge EMYCIN from MYCIN (E=Empty) 45 Expert Systems Shells Software Development Packages Exsys InstantTea K-Vision KnowledgePro 46 Problem Areas Addressed by Expert Systems Interpretation systems Prediction systems Diagnostic systems Design systems Planning systems Monitoring systems Debugging systems Repair systems Instruction systems Control systems 47 Expert Systems Benefits Improved Decision Quality Increased Output and Productivity Decreased Decision Making Time Increased Process(es) and Product Quality Capture Scarce Expertise Can Work with Incomplete or Uncertain Information Enhancement of Problem Solving and Decision Making Improved Decision Making Processes Knowledge Transfer to Remote Locations Enhancement of Other MIS 48 Lead to Improved decision making Improved products and customer service Sustainable strategic advantage
May enhance organizations image 49 Problems and Limitations of Expert Systems Knowledge is not always readily available Expertise can be hard to extract from humans Expert system users have natural cognitive limits ES work well only in a narrow domain of knowledge Knowledge engineers are rare and expensive Lack of trust by end-users ES may not be able to arrive at valid conclusions ES sometimes produce incorrect recommendations 50 Expert System Success Factors Most Critical Factors Champion in Management User Involvement and Training Plus The level of knowledge must be sufficiently high There must be (at least) one cooperative expert The problem must be qualitative (fuzzy), not quantitative The problem must be sufficiently narrow in scope The ES shell must be high quality, and naturally store and manipulate the knowledge A friendly user interface Important and difficult enough problem 51 For Success 1. Business applications justified by strategic impact (competitive advantage) 2. Well-defined and structured applications 52 Expert Systems Types Expert Systems Versus Knowledge-based Systems Rule-based Expert Systems Frame-based Systems Hybrid Systems Model-based Systems Ready-made (Off-the-Shelf) Systems Real-time Expert Systems 53 ES on the Web Provide knowledge and advice Help desks Knowledge acquisition Spread of multimedia-based expert systems (Intelimedia systems)
Support ES and other AI technologies provided to the Internet/Intranet