EMBRIOLOGY

MUSKULOSKELETAL
Dr.ELLI KUSMAYATI,Sp.A
In the initial stages of developmental, the
tube-shape embryo contains three
primary germ cell layers :
- Ectoderm or covering layer
- Endoderm or lining layer
- Mesoderm or middle layer
From mesoderm comes the
mesenchyme, a diffuse cellular tissue
that exhibits pluripotentially in the sense
that its undifferentiated cells are capable
of differentiating into any one of several
type of connective tissue such as bone,
cartilage, ligament, muscle, tendon and
fascia.
During the fifth week of embryonic
development, the limb bud, covered by
ectoderm, appear.
In the central axis of each limb bud, the
mesenchymal cell become condensed into the
short cylinder.
The cylinder is segmented by less densely
areas at the sites of future joint and each
segment represents a tiny mesenchymal model
of the future long bone that will develop from it.
By the sixth embryonic week, the
undifferentiated mesenchymal cells of each
model begin to differentiate by manufacturing
cartilage matrix and thereby forming a
cartilaginous model of the future bone
The cartilaginous models grows partly through
the apposition of new cells on its surface
(appositional growth) from the deeper layers of
the perichondrium.
After the seventh weeks of embryogenesis, the
cartilage cells in the center of the model
hyperthrophy and form longitudinal rows, after
which the intercellular substance, or matrix,
calcifies, resulting in cell death.
Vascular connective tissue then growth into the
central area of dead cartilage bringing
osteoblast that secrete collagen and
proteoglycan into matrix.
Matrix is then impregnated with calcium
salt and become immature bone on the
calcified cartilage matrix, thereby forming
the primary center of ossification.
This process of replacement of cartilage
by bone is called endochondral
ossification and it occur only in the
presence of capillaries
The perichondrium has by this time
become periosteum, and in its deeper
layer, the mesenchymal cells, which have
differentiated into osteoblast, lay down
bone directly by the process of
intramembranous ossification.
By the sixth month of embryonic
development, the resorption of the central
part of long bone results in the formation
of a medullary cavity the process of
tubulation.
At the time birth, the largest epiphysis in
the body (distal femoral epiphysis) has
develop a secondary center of ossification
by the process of endochondral
ossification within it.
Each such center, or ossific nucleus, is
separated from the metaphysis by a
special plate of growing cartilage the
epiphyseal plate, or physis, which
provides growth in the length of the bone
through the interstitial growth of cartilage
cells.
The short bones (e.g., the carpal bones)
are develop by endochondrall ossification
in the same manner as the epiphysis.
By contrast, the clavicle and most of the
skull develop bone directly in the
mesenchymal model by the process of
intramembranous ossification from the
periosteum without going through a
cartilagenous phase.
Classification of the type of the joints
1. Syndesmosis
2. Synchrondosis
3. Synostosis
4. Symphysis
5. Synovial joint.
By the seventh or eighth week of
embryonic life, clefts of space, which are
filled with tissue fluid, appear in the
primitive joint plate (cavitation) and
gradually coalesce to form a single joint
cavity.
The synovial fluid may be considered a
mucin (hyaluronic acid) diluted by tissue
fluid
The outer layer of the joint capsule
differentiates into fibrous tissue, whereas
the inner layer becomes specialized to
form the synovial membrane.
From sixth week embryonic life, active
intrauterine movement of the limbs is
essential to the normal embryonic
development of synovial joints (this just
one example of the critical importance of
motion in maintaining healthy joints)
Thank you