ACIDS BASES EQUILIBRIUM

BLOK 3
1. Definisi:

a. The Arrhenius-Ostwald Theory
According to this theory, an acid is a hydrogen
containing compound that, when dissolve in water,
produces a proton, greater than that of pure water;
and a base: OH-
EOS
A. ACID BASE
b. The BrnstedLowry Theory
According to this theory, an acid is a proton donor
and a base is a proton acceptor
EOS
c. Lewis Acids and Bases
There are reactions in nonaqueous solvents, in the
gaseous state, and even in the solid state that can
be considered acidbase reactions in which
BrnstedLowry theory is not adequate to explain.
EOS
Electron pair
acceptor
Electron pair donor
The effect of pH
Optimum pH values
Enzyme
activity
Trypsin
Pepsin
pH
1 3
5
7 9 11
2007 Paul Billiet ODWS
Hydrogen ion (H
+
) homeostasis

Essential for life
- mitochondrial function
- charge & shape of proteins & enzymes
- ionisation of Ca
++
, Mg
++


Normal H
+
concentrations
35-45 nmol/L in ECF
400-4000 nmol/L in lysosomes
40 to 40,000 nmol/L in urine
1,000,000,000 nmol/L in gastric acid

Hydrogen ion units
- H
+
conc. (nmol/L)
- H
+
as pH pH = 1/ log
10
H+ in mol/L
100 nmol/L = 1/ log
10
100 x 10
-9;
pH = 1/log 10
-7
= 7


BUFFER

Weak Acid Conjugate Base


Weak Base Conjugate Acid







Add 10 ml HCl 1M to water pH 7 and
Buffer System


Acute (min/hrs)
Ventilation
Buffering
Long term
-Renal excretion
-Hepatic
metabolism
DEFENCE AGAINST pH CHANGE
Lungs: rapid & sensitive
compensation by
controlling CO2 loss

Kidneys: (only method for
direct H+ excretion)
- H+ directly and as
H
2
PO
4
2-
- Ammonium excretion

Liver: Lactate & other
substrates used for
gluconeogenesis
Intracellular Buffers
Proteins
Haemoglobin
Phosphate
Bone buffers
Extracellular Buffers
Proteins
Phosphate
Bicarbonate
BUFFERS
Persamaan Henderson Hasselbach:



kadar B+.HCO3-
pH = pKa + log --------------------- untuk pH darah 7,4
kadar H+.HCO3-
kadar B+.HCO3-
7,4 = 6.1 + log --------------------- nilai rasio Garam: Asam= 20:1
kadar H+.HCO3-

Acid base control
H
2
CO
3
H
+
+ HCO
-
3


Acidosis ( H
+
) Alkalosis ( H
+
)
H
2
CO
3
H
+
+ HCO
-
3
H
2
CO
3
H
+
+ HCO
-
3


compensation compensation

H
2
CO
3
H
+
+ HCO
-
3

H
2
CO
3
H
+
+ HCO
-
3


BICARBONATE BUFFER SYSTEM
l pH
l 7.36 to 7.44
l PCO
2

l Partial pressure of CO
2

l Acid
l "Respiratory" component
l Bicarbonate
l Base
l "Metabolic" component
Other buffers: haemoglobin

CO
2


Cl
-

Cl
-

CO
2
+ H
2
O H
2
CO
3
H
+

+

HCO
-
3
HCO
-
3

Hb
-


HbH

CO
2
from tissue respiration & loss in alveoli
Carbonate
dehydratase
erythrocyte
Reabsorption of filtered bicarbonate
Glomerulus
Tubule
Proximal tubular cell
Na
+
HCO
3
-

H
+
+ HCO
3
-
HCO
3
-
+

H
+

H
2
CO
3

H
2
CO
3
CO
2
+ H
2
O
Na
+
Na
+
Na
+
HCO
3
-
CO
2
+ H
2
O
Renal hydrogen ion excretion
Glomerulus
Tubule
Tubular cell
Na
+
HPO
4
2-

H
+
+ HPO
4
2-


HCO
3
-
+

H
+

H
2
PO
4

H
2
CO
3
CO
2
+ H
2
O
Na
+
Na
+
Na
+
HCO
3
-
Dihydrogen phosphate in urine
Acidosis
Metabolic acidosis
(reduced HCO
3
)

Increased rate of H
+

production
e.g uncontrolled diabetes
Decreased H
+
excretion
e.g. renal failure
Loss of bicarbonate
e.g. diarrhea

Increased H
+
compensated by
HCO
3
consumption and
lowering pCO
2
by
hyperventilation
Respiratory acidosis
(CO
2
retention)

Lung disease e.g. severe asthma

Mechanical e.g. chest wall
trauma

Neurological e.g. CNS
depression from drugs or
disease

Increased H
+
due to CO
2

retention, compensated by
increased HCO
3
synthesis

Alkalosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Hydrogen ion loss

vomiting
potassium deficiency
excess alkali use
Respiratory alkalosis
Carbon dioxide loss

Hypoxia
hyperventilation due to
hypoxia can reduce pCO
2

Hyperventilation due
to
anxiety/pain
CNS disease