Application of Hec Hms in Rainfall Runoff and Flood Simulations in Lower Tapi Basin

Prepared By:-
Ankit Balyan (U06CE065)

Prem Kumar Soren (U06CE032)
Alok Chandra Yadav (U06CE070)
Guided By:-
Dr. P.L. Patel Mr. P.V. Timbadiya
Professor Assistant Professor
CED, SVNIT CED, SVNIT
Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat
Preliminary literature review on Rainfall-Runoff
modeling using various software
Basic fundamental understanding of simulation
of rainfall-runoff process
Learning functioning of HEC-HMS software has
been explored through example of Waller Creek in
Austin, Texas
HEC-HMS was found to be suitable to carry out
the rainfall-runoff simulation with a satisfactory
degree of accuracy
During floods, it becomes very important to find
out how much part of that run-off was
contributed by rainfall and how much is due to
the release from the dam.
Rainfall-runoff simulation is also a vital
knowledge to have while fixing reservoir capacity.
For a water harvesting planner, the most difficult
task is therefore to select the appropriate "design"
rainfall according to which the ratio of catchment
to cultivated area will be determined.

To study and explore the working and
functions of HEC-HMS v3.4 which is quite
useful in Hydrologic Modeling
To develop the Hydrologic Model for the
lower Tapi Basin, from downstream of Ukai
to the sea, covering a net area of about 1672
km
2

To determine the contribution of rainfall
in the floods that occurred in Surat in 2006
HEC-HMS is a product of the Hydrologic
Engineering Center within the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers
The Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) is
designed to simulate the precipitation-
runoff processes of dendritic drainage basins
The program is a generalized modeling system
capable of representing many different
watersheds
A model of the watershed is constructed by
separating the water cycle into manageable pieces and
constructing boundaries around the watershed of
interest
Any mass or energy flux in the cycle can then be
represented with a mathematical model
Hydrographs produced by the program are used
directly or in conjunction with other software for
studies of water availability, reservoir planning, urban
drainage, catchment studies, flow forecasting,
future urbanization impact, reservoir spillway design
of damage, floodplain regulation and system
operation.

Its support by the US Army Corps of Engineers
The future enhancements in progress
Its acceptance by many government agencies and
private firms
Available to download free of charge from HEC's
web site
The direct download from HEC includes
extensive documentation, and scientists and
engineers versed in hydraulic analysis should have
little difficulty applying
All of the mathematical models included in the
program are deterministic. This means that the
boundary conditions, initial conditions, and
parameters of the models are assumed to be
exactly known.
The design of the basin model only allows for
dendritic stream networks.
The basin model allows each hydrologic element
to have only one downstream connection so it is
not possible to split the outflow from an element
into two different downstream elements.
Watershed Explorer
The Watershed Explorer was developed to provide quick access
to all components in an HEC-HMS project.
Component Editor
All data that can be specified in the model component is
entered in the Component Editor
Message Log
Notes, warnings, and errors are shown in the Message Log
Desktop
The Desktop holds a variety of windows including summary
tables, time-series tables, graphs, global editors, and the basin
model map
The Tapi river basin includes an area of 65145 Km
2

The basin lies in the states of
Maharastra 50504 Km
2

Madhya Pradesh - 9804 Km
2

Gujarat - 3837 Km
2

Study area is confined to the lower Tapi basin
located downstream of Ukai dam.
This area has been measured during the course of
study to be approximately 1672 Km
2

PRECIPITATION
DATA
CATCHMENT
AREA
RIVER CROSS-
SECTION
SOIL
CLASSIFICATION
Collected from the State Water Data Centre,
Gandhinagar (SWDC)
In the downstream of Ukai there are 11 different rain
gauge stations
Daily rain gauge measurements are done every day at 8 in
the morning
The precipitation data includes the details of the rain
gauge stations i.e. its name and location (latitude and
longitude) and the daily rainfall data.
Since 2006 was very important year considering the flood
therefore the data of 2006 were collected
Station Code Station Name Tahsil / Taluka Lat Long
Bodhan Bodhan Olpad 21
o
1720 73
o
0515
Godsamba Godsamba Mandvi 21
o
1646 73
o
1350
Kadod Kadod Bardoli 21
o
1300 73
o
1258
Kakrapar Kakrapar Songadh 21
o
1529 73
o
2228
Kamrej Kamrej Kamrej 21
o
740 72
o
5830
Kathor Kathor Kamrej 21
o
1730 72
o
5630
Kholvad Kholvad Kamrej 21
o
1630 72
o
5655
Mandvi Tapi @ Mandvi Mandvi 21
o
1436 73
o
1813
Puna Puna Chorasi 21
o
1520 73
o
1545
Rander Rander Chorasi 21
o
1324 72
o
4733
Surat Surat Chorasi 21
o
1220 72
o
4950
The catchment of Tapi in the study area concerned is
demarcated by identifying the point of maximum
elevation in the surrounding area of Tapi downstream of
Ukai.
This is done with the help of Google Earth Pro.5.1.
The line of demarcation is drawn beyond which the
elevation is clearly decreasing.
Thus the total catchment which would drain water to the
Tapi River is plotted on the map.
Its area is measured with the help of area measuring tools
of Google Earth Pro and is found to be approximately 1672
Km
2

Measurement of the various cross sections of the Tapi River at
appropriate distances
Collected from the Surat Municipal Corporation, Surat
In the AutoCAD usable format

A map clearly showing the different soil
conditions in the region of interest was procured
from National Bureau of Soil survey & Land Use
Planning (INDIAN COUNCIL OF
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH) , NAGPUR
This proved to be really helpful in calculating the
Curve Numbers of the different sub-basins, which
is explained in later slides.

ROUTING OF FLOOD ALONG THE STREAM
COMPUTATION OF RUNOFF FROM VARIOUS SUB-BASINS
DIVISION OF CATCHMENT INTO VARIOUS SUB-BASINS
COMPUTATION OF AVERAGE RAINFALL IN THE
CATCHMENT
Rainfall at a daily time scale is the single most
important parameter in hydrological computer
simulation models.
In this case the gages are not uniformly distributed
over the catchment
Some gages are considered more representative of
the area concerned than others and the relative
weights may be assigned to the gages in computing
the areal average.
Due to these limiting conditions, the Theissen
polygon method is best suited for finding out the
average rainfall of the catchment concerned.
This method takes its name after A.M.Theissen
who suggested it first in 1911.
It assumes that at any point in the watershed the
rainfall is the same as that at the nearest gage.
It attempts to make allowance for irregularities
in gauge location by weighing the record of each
gauge in proportion to area which is closer to that
gauge than to any other gauge.
So the depth recorded at a given gage is applied
out to a distance halfway to the next station in any
direction.
The areas for a given network of gauge stations are
determined as described below:-
1. Straight lines are then drawn joining the adjacent rain
gage location to form triangles.
2. Perpendicular bisectors are now drawn to each side of
all the triangles . These bisectors define a set of
polygon contains only points that are closer to the
gauge at its centre than to any other gauge.
3. The polygonal areas around each rain gauges station
within the basin boundary are then measured.
4. The average depth of rainfall P is computes as

Station Observed Rainfall(mm) Area(Sq.Km.) Weighted Rainfall (mm)
Bodhan 90 197.48 17773.2
Godsamba 145 135.7 19676.5
Kadod 152 144.73 21998.96
Kakrapar 129 623.78 80467.62
Kamrej 256 77.58 19860.48
Kathor 203 57.88 11749.64
Kholvad 220 58.38 12843.6
Mandvi 104 75.29 7830.16
Puna 100 136.9 13690
Rander 139 101.28 14077.92
Surat 211.4 63.84 13495.776
Total 1672.84 233463.856
Avg Rainfall 139.5613783
There are no major tributaries available on the
downstream of Ukai.
It becomes extremely difficult to divide the area into the
various sub-basins.
Considering the smaller tributaries available in the
region and the soil characteristics of the different zones, a
classification
has been suggested.
This is not accurate but under the limiting conditions of
the region, this can be assumed to be so.
The detailed areas of the various sub-basins are as soon as follows:-
Sub-Basin Area
Sub-Basin 1 362.69
Sub-Basin 2 295.37
Sub-Basin 3 458.44
Sub-Basin 4 160.85
Sub-Basin 5 105.84
Sub-Basin 6 76.43
Sub-Basin 7 94.36
Sub-Basin 8 48.4
Total 1602.38
The above shown system of sub-basins and the river is shown in
the HEC-HMS environment as:-
Some of the elements used in the representation are:-
Sub-basin Used for rainfall-runoff computation on a watershed.
Reach Used to convey (route) stream flow downstream in the
basin model.
Reservoir Used to model the detention and attenuation of a
hydrograph caused by a reservoir or detention pond.
Junction Used to combine flows from upstream reaches and sub-
basins.
Diversion Used to model abstraction of flow from the main
channel.
Source Used to introduce flow into the basin model (from a stream
crossing the boundary of the modeled region). Source has no inflow.
Sink Used to represent the outlet of the physical watershed. Sink
has no outflow.

TRANSFORMATION OF THIS EXCESS
RAINFALL INTO RUNOFF
COMPUTATION OF LOSES TO FIND OUT
THE AMOUNT OF WATER AVAILABLE
FOR RUNOFF
HEC-HMS computes runoff volume by computing the volume of
water that is intercepted, infiltrated, stored, evaporated, or
transpired and subtracting it from the precipitation.
Interception and surface storage are intended to represent the
surface storage of water by trees or grass, local depressions in the
ground surface, cracks and crevices in parking lots or roofs, or a
surface area where water is not free to move as overland flow.
Infiltration represents the movement of water to areas beneath
the land surface.
Interception, infiltration, storage, evaporation, and transpiration
collectively are referred to in the HEC-HMS program and
documentation as losses.
Runoff curve number is an empirical parameter used in
hydrology for predicting direct runoff or infiltration from
rainfall excess.
It is widely used and efficient method for determining the
approximate amount of direct runoff from a rainfall event in
a particular area.
It is based on the areas hydrologic soil group , land use ,
treatment and hydrologic condition.
The basic assumption of the scs curve number method is
that for a single storm the ratio of the actual soil retention
after runoff begins to potential maximum retention is equal
to the ratio if direct runoff to available rainfall.
The empirical relations used in this method are:-

I
a
= 0.2S

Plotting the data for P and P
e
from many watersheds, the SCS
found standard curves. To standardize these curves a
dimensionless curve number CN is defined such that 0<
CN<100. For impervious and water surface CN= 100 for
natural surfaces CN<100.

Sub-basin
Initial Abstraction
(mm)
Curve
Number % impervioussness
Sub-basin 1 27 88 2
Sub-basin 2 22 90 3
Sub-basin 3 32 86 6
Sub-basin 4 27 88 10
Sub-basin 5 27 88 4
Sub-basin 6 19 91 5
HEC-HMS refers to the process of direct runoff of excess precipitation
on a watershed as Transformation of precipitation excess into point
runoff.
With HEC-HMS, there are two options for these transform methods:
1) Empirical models - These are the traditional unit hydrograph
models. The system theoretic models attempt to establish a
causal linkage between runoff and excess precipitation
without detailed consideration of the internal processes.
2) A conceptual model - The conceptual model included in
HEC-HMS is a kinematic-wave model of overland flow. It
represents, to the extent possible, all physical mechanisms
that govern the movement of the excess precipitation over the
watershed land surface and in small collector channels in the
watershed.

The standard lag as given by Snyder is calculated by the
following equation:-
t
p
= C
1
C
t
(LL
c
)
0.3

Sub-Basin Standard lag (Hr) Peaking Coefficient
Sub-Basin 1 1.3 0.4
Sub-Basin 2 1.23 0.4
Each of the flood routing models included in HEC-HMS
computes a downstream hydrograph, given an upstream
hydrograph as a boundary condition.
They do so by solving the continuity and momentum
equations.
Muskingum Cunge is one of the simpler and more popular
methods for the purpose of routing.
This method allows the entire hydrograph to be obtained at
required cross sections instead of requiring solution over the
entire length of the channel.
The different data required are reach length, reach slope,
mannings constant, bottom width and side slope.
The reach length is calculated by using the length
measuring tool in Google Earth Pro v5.1.
Mannings constant has a value of 0.03.
From the Tapi data collected from SMC, Surat office, we
can get the RLs at the two end points of the reach.
Knowing the horizontal distance between them we can get
he slope of the reach.
From the cross-sections of the relevant section, they are
converted into equivalent trapezoidal sections and the
bottom width and side-slope are calculated
Reach Length (m) Slope
Manning's
Constant Shape
Bottom Width
(m) Side Slope
Reach 1 15350 0.000289 0.03 Trapezoidal 157.5 0.257
Reach 2 38240 0.000663 0.03 Trapezoidal 150 0.304
Once again referring back to the model produced in HEC-
HMS:-
The resulting hydrograph at Sub-basin 1:-
The resulting hydrograph at Junction 6:-
The resulting hydrograph at Junction 1:-
The resulting hydrograph at the outlet i.e. Junction 5:-
The rainfall is averaged over the entire catchment using Theissen
Polygon method and then the volume of runoff is calculated using SCS
Curve Number method. This volume of precipitation is transformed
into runoff by using Snyders Unit Hydrograph method. Thus, the
runoff reaches the main stream. From one point on the stream to the
other, hydrologic routing has been carried out using Muskingum
Cunge method. It uses the principle of continuity to add the incoming
inflows at one junction to produce the outflow. Thus, the outflow
hydrographs can be obtained at the necessary cross-section including
the outlet point.
The peak discharge at the outlet of the catchment is measured to be
189.5 cumecs on 31
st
July, 2006. The floods in Surat, however, occurred
from 6
th
to 8
th
August, 2006. This goes on to show that the runoff due
to the rainfall in the catchment is not the main contributor to the
floods. Rather, it is the huge amount of discharge released from Ukai.
The results of the study are constrained by the following assumptions:-
The rainfall over the entire weighted area is assumed to be the same as
that at the rain gage station.
The equivalent cross-section is assumed to be uniform throughout
the length of the reach.
Some of the coefficients considered in the SCS curve Number method
and the Snyders Unit Hydrograph method are calibrated values and
their actual values on the field may be different.
During flow routing in the channel using Muskingum Cunge
method, it is assumed that there are no losses.
The linear and area measurements accuracy are limited by the
accuracy of Google Earth data.
No baseflow is considered. In the event of a baseflow, the results
might vary to some extent.
Biswa Bhattacharya, Doddi Yudianto and Fransisca
Mulyantri(2008) Training On Hydrological Modelling with
HEC-HMS, UNESCO-IHE Flood Modelling for management
Online Course
Chow, V.T., Maidment D.R., and Mays, L.W. (1988). "Applied
Hydrology." McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
Chow, V.T. (1959). Open channel flow. McGraw-Hill, New
York, NY
Calabro, P.S. (2004) Design Storms and Water Quality Control,
J. Hydrol. Eng., 9(1), 28-34.
Daniil, E.I. and Michas S.N. (2005) Discussion of Factors
Affecting Estimates of Average Watershed Slope by A. J. Hill
and V. S. Neary, J. of Hydrologic Eng., ASCE

Singh, V.J. and Woolhiser W. (2002) Mathematical Modeling of
Watershed Hydrology, JHydrologic Eng., 7(4), 270-292
Sharma J.P., Shyampura and R.L., Sehgal J. (1994), Soils of Gujarat for
Optimising Land Use, Soils of India series 2, National Bureau of Soil
Survey & Land Use Planning (Indian Council of Agricultural
Research), ISBN 81-85460-13-2
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Hydrologic Engineering Center
(HEC), Hydrologic Modeling System, Users Manual. (2008).
http://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/hec-hms/-
documentation/CPD- 74A_2008Dec.pdf
United States Army Corps of Engineers, Hydrologic Engineering
Center USACE- HEC_2000_. Hydrologic modeling system HEC-HMS
technical reference manual, Davis, California.
Watershed Modeling System _WMS_. _1999_. WMS V6.1 tutorials.
Brigham Young University, Environmental Modeling Research
Laboratory, Provo, Utah.


Application of Hec Hms in Rainfall Runoff and Flood Simulations in Lower Tapi Basin

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Application of Hec Hms in Rainfall Runoff and Flood Simulations in Lower Tapi Basin

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Prepared By:-

Ankit Balyan (U06CE065)

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