❚ Water Sources

❚ Water Pollution and Related

Diseases
❚ Sanitary Rules of Drinking Water
❚ Water Treatment
❚ Endemic Disease
 water pollution

• Physical

• Chemical

• Biological
 water pollution
Type of water pollutants

Physical water pollutants

● Suspended particles

● Waste heat or thermal pollution

● Radioisotopes
 water pollution
Type of water pollutants

Physical water pollutants

 Increases water turbidity

 Increases water treatment

costs.

 Transports sediment-bound

pollutants.
 water pollution
Type of water pollutants

Physical water pollutants

lowers DO levels

exposes aquatic life

to thermal shock
 water pollution
Type of water pollutants

● Organic pollutants

● Nutrients

● Heavy metals

● Traces of chemicals and drugs

 water pollution
Type of water pollutants

Chemical water pollutants

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)

❚ Pesticides, petroleum products, and so

on, such as PCBs.
❚ Move into fats and bioaccumulate
❚ Highly toxic; carcinogens and endocrine
disrupters.
 Colorless
and Carcinogenesis
without Diox Immune toxicity
smell in generative
toxicity
hapetic and
renal
toxicity
Dissolved
into fatty
tissues
Cause
Endocrin damag
e
e to skin
disrupter
 water pollution
Type of water pollutants

Chemical water pollutants

❚ Some Organic pollutants are usually degraded by

aerobic bacteria and consume DO.

❚ including nitric and phosphoric conpounds, they

can cause excessive aquatic plant growth.

❚ increases turbidity and can deplete oxygen when

the plants die and decay --- entrophication.

 water pollution
Type of water pollutants

Chemical water pollutants

Nutrients

❚ usually occurs in streams, lakes and ocean

❚ being the accelerated growth of aquatic plants

❚ often as a result of excessive inflows of nitrogen

and phosphorus from agriculture, sewage

treatment plants, and so on.

 water pollution
Type of water pollutants

Chemical water pollutants

Nutrients

Waste water Algae DO ↓

Poured into Water cause cause
（ nutrient P and body Reproduce (in the
N ） water)

cause

Release
Produce decomposed Biota death
Nutrient and release

Figure 2. The overnourishing of water body

 water pollution
Type of water pollutants

Chemical water pollutants

Nutrients

Feature Oligotrophic Eutrophic

Nutrient Level Low High

Phytoplankton Levels Low High

DO Levels High Low

Water clarity Very Clear Very Turbid

Light Penetration Good Poor

 water pollution
Type of water pollutants

Chemical water pollutants

Nutrients

❚ Eutrophication in streams and lakes can cause

algae blooms.
❚ Coastal eutrophication can cause
phytoplankton blooms (red tides).
❚ Red, brown or green tides can release water and
airborne toxins that damage fisheries, kill some
fish eating birds, reduce tourism, poison
seafood and harm humans.
 water pollution

Algae Blooms Type of water pollutants

Chemical water pollutants

Nutrients
 water pollution

Red tides Type of water pollutants

Chemical water pollutants

Nutrients
 water pollution
Type of water pollutants

Chemical water pollutants

 Heavy metals are ingredients in many commonly used

products
 Heavy metals can also be found in industrial-strength
materials like rubber
 when materials containing heavy metals break down,
the pollutants can be readily transported into streams
by storm water
 Heavy metals can be toxic to fish and other aquatic
life in streams.
 water pollution
Type of water pollutants

❚ Include bacteria, viruses, protozoa and

parasitic worms.

❚ Usually comes from human or animal

fecal material.
 water pollution

watercourse has a self-purification capacity. It can

reduce the pollutant concentration of the water

through the physical, chemical and the biological

effect, recover to the state of not being polluted

which is called the self-purification of watercourse.

 water pollution

❚ Waste assimilative capacity: the

natural ability of a water body to accept

and breakdown pollutants into less

harmful substances.
 water pollution

 Bioaccumulation:
increase in concentration of a pollutant from
the environment to the first organism in a
food chain
 Biomagnification:
 increase in concentration of a pollutant
from one link in a food chain to another
water pollution
 water pollution
Main sources

 Industry- The industrial wastewater

 Human settlements- Domestic waste water

 Agriculture- The agriculture waste water

water pollution
Main sources
water pollution related disease
Water-borne disease
 water pollution related disease
Water-borne disease

❚ Diseases caused by ingestion of water

contaminated by human or animal
excrement, which contain pathogenic
microorganisms such as cholera, typhoid,
amoebic and bacillary dysentery and other
diarrhea diseases.
 water pollution related disease
Water-borne disease

① it is fulminant, many diseases take

place between in the shortest and
longest latent period.

②The distribution of the case accords

with the distribution of the water
supply.

③Once the steps have been taken to

control, the pollution and the
purification and disinfecting of the
 water pollution related disease
Water-borne disease

 3-4 million people die each year of water-

borne diseases world-wide, including more
than 2 million children who die from
diarrhoea.
Cholera 20,000 deaths annually
Typhoid 25,000 deaths annually
Malaria 1-2 million annually
( may be related to climate change)
water pollution related disease
Water-borne disease
 water pollution related disease
Disease related to chemicals

● Minamata disease

● Ita-ita disease
 water pollution related disease
Case of chemical water
pollution

● Outbreak of Minamata Disease

● Signs and Symptoms of Minamata
Disease
● Mechanism behind the outbreak
 water pollution related disease
Case of chemical water
pollution
Minamata
disease

❚ In 1956, in Minamata City, located along

the Yatsushiro Sea coast in Kumamoto
Prefecture, the first Minamata disease
patient was reported initially as suffering
from nervous symptoms of the unknown
cause.
 water pollution related disease
Case of chemical water
pollution
Minamata
disease

❚ Minamata Disease is a poisoning disease

that nervous system, mainly central nervous
system, is damaged by methylmercury.
❚ Minamata disease is the chronic poisoning
disease caused by CH3Hg+.
 water pollution related disease
Case of chemical water
pollution
Minamata
disease

Sensory disturbance in the distal

portions of four extremities
Cerebellar ataxia
Concentric contraction of the visual field
Disturbed ocular movement
Impairment of hearing
Equilibrium disturbance
Fetal Minamata Disease
Hg pouredinto
Water body down in the undertheeffect
CH3Hg+ eatenby
small fish Resultin
ground mud Of microorganism

concentration of CH3Hg+in the body↑ food chain Big fish eat it ••••••
food chain

Human
at last eaten and absorbed by Cat CH3Hg+ was accumulated in the body
Dog because of the effect of food chain

enter Hcl into intestine(almost absorbed

Gastrointestinal tract CH3Hgcl
brain completely)
Brain
into
blood liver
kidney
Accumulate in the brain

blood-brain barrier (BBB) (because rich lipid in it)

also can penetrate

placental barrier

Figure 3. The mechanism of poisoning by CH3Hg+

 water pollution related disease
Case of chemical water
pollution
Minamata
disease

❚ Methylmercury remained a considerable

concentration in bottom sediment of the related
water areas even after the discharge of the
methylmercury compound was stopped.

❚ In the area around Minamata Bay and the

Agano River basin, the monitoring of
methylmercury of fish and shellfish continues
even today.
 water pollution related disease
Case of chemical water
pollution

● Discover of the Itai-itai Disease

● Clinical features
● Mechanism behind the outbreak
 water pollution related disease
Case of chemical water
pollution
Itai-itai
disease

❚ The strange disease that appeared in the

downstream basin of the Jinzu River
around 1912 was called by locals "itai-itai
byo" .
❚ In came by this name because of the way
victims cried out "itai-itai" under the
excruciating pain they endured.
 water pollution related disease
Case of chemical water
pollution
Itai-itai
disease

❚ In May 1968, the Ministry of Health and Welfare

officially announced that the "itai-itai disease
was chronic cadmium poisoning. It first impairs
kidney function and progressively causes
osteomalacia and osteoporosis.
❚ Victims suffer from calcium deficiency as occurs
"with old age, malnutrition', hormone imbalance
and when pregnant or breast feeding."
 water pollution related disease
Case of chemical water
pollution
Itai-itai
disease

❚ Renal tubular dysfunction is well known as an

adverse health effect of environmental cadmium
exposure, and is characterized by the increased
urinary excretion of low molecular weight
proteins such as beta2-microglobulin .
❚ Another specific finding of itai-itai disease is
osteomalacia.
 mechanism
The target organ is kidney:
The cd make renal tubule lesion the function of renal
reabsorption declined lead to a number
Ca2+ Ca2+ of blood PTH ↑ the calcium
of bone dissociation osteoporsis
of nutrient lost Protein Hypoproteinuria
Amino acid amino-aciduria
Glucose glocosuria

Ostealgia
Chronic Wasting disease exaustion death
Bone fracture
❚ Define the terms water pollution, BOD, COD,
DO, eutrophication, and water-borne disease.

❚ Know the advantages/disadvantages of ground

& surface water sources.

❚ Identify the classes of water pollutants and the

types of pollution.
❚ Know typical pollutants within the three
classes.
❚ Describe the epidemiological characteristics of
water-borne disease.
❚ Identify the cause of Minamata disease and Itai-
itai disease respectively.
 water pollution related disease
Case of chemical water
pollution
Itai-itai
disease

❚ The heavy metals discharged from the Kamioka

Mines into the Jinzu River were deposited in the
river bed, and accumulated especially at the
bottom of Jinzu River Dams .

❚ The cadmium in the river bed was dissolved in

river water and polluted the agricultural water
used in Osawano-cho and Fucyu-machi where
the disease broke out .
 water pollution related disease
Case of chemical water
pollution
Itai-itai
disease

❚ The cadmium dissolved in the agricultural water

was absorbed by the soil in the rice patties,
thereby contaminating it.
❚ Of the heavy metals that contaminated the soil,
cadmium was absorbed by the rice some 3
times more than zinc, lead and copper, and
concentrated inside unpolished rice.
❚ The cadmium was introduced into the human
body by eating rice of a high cadmium
concentration.