Nationalism is the most important prerequisite to the formation of national consciousness. Nationalism is a feeling developed in a people living in a contiguous geographic area. The insular and mountainous character of Philippine geography limited social contact and communication.
Nationalism is the most important prerequisite to the formation of national consciousness. Nationalism is a feeling developed in a people living in a contiguous geographic area. The insular and mountainous character of Philippine geography limited social contact and communication.
Nationalism is the most important prerequisite to the formation of national consciousness. Nationalism is a feeling developed in a people living in a contiguous geographic area. The insular and mountainous character of Philippine geography limited social contact and communication.
Nationalism Lecture Notes in Life and Works of Rizal Dr. Francis Baleta, RFT, RPT Isabela State University
Nationalism or devotion to or advocacy of national unity and independence is the most important prerequisite to the formation of national consciousness, indeed the sine qua non to the development of national identities.
BIRTH OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM
It is a feeling developed in a people living in a contiguous geographic area, a sentiment forged by a common history, language and literature, customs and traditions and even by a common religion. BIRTH OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM
BIRTH OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM
As a historical development, it is a relatively new concept, a product of the ferment and political upheavals of the 18 th century and a child of the French Revolution, which was exported to other nations of Europe during the Napoleonic wars and later, by war and commerce, by colonialism itself, to other parts of the world. BIRTH OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM In the history of colonized and exploited peoples all over the world, no significant struggle for liberation and independence ever succeeded in making any headway without the earlier development of nationalism among the people involved in the movement. BIRTH OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM No such sentiment existed in the Philippines before the 19 th century. To be sure, the different ethnic groups in the country shared the same basic elements of nationalism such as similarities of racial and cultural features, but Spanish and colonial policy as well as certain natural barriers retarded the development of nationalistic feeling among the Filipinos. BIRTH OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM The insular and mountainous character of Philippine geography limited social contact and communication. The dismal state of transportation and communication facilities rendered these natural barriers much more formidable. Moreover, the Spanish medieval practice of requiring passports for travel from one province to another virtually estranged regions from one another. BIRTH OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM The Filipinos in different parts of the country, therefore, failed to realize the similarities of their grievances and the existence of a common source of suffering and misery. Linguistic differences and the absence of a common language, aggravated by the deliberate refusal of the Spaniards to propagate the Spanish language, weighed heavily in fomenting regionalism and prevented the people from developing a national language that would have united them. FACTORS THAT LED TO THE BIRTH OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM Opening of the Philippines to world trade from 1834 to 1873 -This stimulated the economic activities in the country which brought prosperity to some of the Filipinos but most of all to the Chinese and the Spaniards.
It resulted to the rise of a new social class referred to as Middle Class or the Ilustrados - Acquired material wealth - Improved their social stature and influence - Clamored for social and political equality with the colonial masters.
Influx of Liberal Ideas
With the opening of the Philippines to world trade, European ideas freely penetrated the country in form of printed books, newspapers, and treatises made available to the natives as they participated in the process of exchange of goods and products. The new knowledge and current events they learned and acquired outside affected their ways of living and the manner of their thinking
The Rise of the Middle Class
- The middle class or the Ilustrado family sent members of their family particularly male children to study abroad. - These students would be exposed to European thoughts and would later lead in call for reforms. - Filipino patriots and propagandist mostly came from this class
Opening of Suez Canal
- The Suez Canal was created by a French engineer named Ferdinand de Lesseps - This man-made canal made transportation easier, making the transfer of goods and ideas better and faster.
Spanish Revolution of 1868 - The period when Queen Isabella was ousted by Generals Francisco Serrano and Juan Prim - This incident had proven that Spain was not invincible and that even how powerful it was it cannot escape social unrest and political upheavals. - In 1873, the first Spanish Republic was established and the Liberals installed Carlos Ma. Dela Torre as the governor general in the Philippines Liberal Regime of Carlos Ma. Dela Torre
- It was during his term as governor general that freedom of speech was allowed among the Filipinos - De la Torre was a well- loved leader because he was concern with the needs of the natives
- He ordered the abolition of flogging as punishment for military disobedience
- He implemented the Educational Decree of 1863 and the Moret Law which delimit the secularization of educational institutions and allowed the government to take control among different schools and academic institutions.
Secularization Movement - An interest group consisted of Filipino priests who demanded that they be allowed to handle parishes in accordance with the provisions of the Council of Trent - It was once headed by Father Pedro Pelaez and was followed by Fr. Jose Burgos.
Restoration of the Monarch and the Installation of Izquierdo as gov. gen. of the Philippines
- 1870, Spanish monarchy was restored with Amadeo de Savoy as new king. - This king eventually sent Rafael Izquierdo as the governor general in Manila
Izquierdo was the exact opposite of De la Torre He ordered that the exemptions and privileges enjoyed by workers of the arsenals and ship yards be repealed, giving reason for these workers to launch a mutiny that took place in 1872.
The Cavite Mutiny
- An uprising of the arsenal and shipyard workers of Cavite as a response to the repeal of their privileges such as exemption from paying tributes and performance of forced labor. - This took place on January 20, 1872 and was headed by Sergeant La Madrid - This small mutiny was magnified by Spanish to make it appear that it was a wide- scaled conspiracy and that even Filipino clergy were part of it.
The Martyrdom of GOMBURZA The Three Martyr Priest Jose Burgos Born in Vigan, Ilocos Sur Youngest among the three One of the major advocates of secularization Born on 9 February1837 During that time was the curate of the Cathedral and Canonigo Magistral
Mariano Gomes Born in Sta. Cruz, Manila First to be executed Founded La Verdad, which served as the mouthpiece of secularization Oldest among the martyr priests
Jacinto Zamora Born August 14, 1835 He already lost his mind during the proceedings
Significance of the martyrdom of the three priests Filipinos forgot their regional hostilities and felt the need of being united for a common cause The Filipinos instead of developing fear from the Spaniards, developed hatred instead The GOMBURZA served as inspiration to future patriots to selflessly fight the Spaniards in order to put a stop on injustices and abusiveness committed by the colonizers.
THE REFORM AND COUNTER REFORM MOVEMENTS REFORM MOVEMENTS: The Propaganda Movement Major Propagandists Graciano Lopez Jaena A native of Jaro, Iloilo. Famous for his satirical work entitled Fray Botod Founded La Solidaridad in 1889
Marcelo del Pilar A fierce lawyer and writer from Malolos, Bulacan Identified by Spanish authorities in Madrid as the most dangerous Indio Founded the Diariong Tagalog in 1882, the first Filipino newspaper written in the vernacular.
Used the pennames Plaridel, Dolores Manapa, Piping Dilat Famous works include:
- La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas (Monastic Supremacy in the Philippines) - La Frailocracia Filipina (The Friars in the Philippines)
Jose Rizal Known for his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo Founded La Liga Filipina after the failure of the Propaganda Movement
Other Propaganda Literature Ninay Pedro Paterno Sampaguitas Pedro Paterno Impresiones Antonio Luna La Universidad de Pilipinas: Plano de Estudios Jose Maria Panganiban Celebres Filipinos Mariano Ponce Historia de Ilocos Isabelo delos Reyes El Folklore Filipino Isabelo delos Reyes
Masonry One of the oldest fraternities in Europe Became a popular organization for Filipino liberals and democrats Revolucion 1 st Filipino Masonic lodge in Barcelona founded by Lopez Jaena Solidaridad Founded by M. del Pilar in Madrid Nilad 1 st Masonic Lodge in the Philippines founded by Pedro Serrano Laktaw
COUNTER - REFORM MOVEMENTS:
Qiuopquiap Pablo Feced in real life His articles expressed hatred and contempt against Filipino reformists His articles were usually published in Diario de Manila and El Liberal in Madrid His infamous work was Filipinas:Ezbozos y Pinceladas (Philippines: Sketches and Strokes) that was a biased assessment of the Philippines
Wenceslao Retana
Defender of Frailocracy Published Questiones Filipinas: Avisos y Profecias, a compilation of articles attacking anti-friar Filipino reformists Had a dispute with Rizal but eventually became the heros biographer
Fray Jose Rodriguez
Wrote an attack against the Noli in a pamphlet entitled Caiingat Kayo In response Rizal wrote, La Vision del Fray Rodriguez
Fray Lucio Bustamante
Ridiculed the Filipinos who wanted to learn Spanish yet cannot satisfactorily perform their manual jobs.
Other Counter Publications
Diario de Manila El Liberal La Voz de Espana
Failure of the Propaganda Movement
Inadequacy of funds The publication of La Sol ceased to exist Personal and health problems of reformists Homesickness Conflict of interests La Liga Filipina
Founded by Rizal on 3 July 1892 at Tondo, Manila Objectives: Unification of the archipelago into a one compact, vigorous and homogenous body; Mutual protection in every want and need; Defense against all forms of violence and injustices; Encouragement of education, agriculture and commerce; The study of application of reforms
Significance of the Movement Succeeded in influencing profound political developments Politicized a great number of Filipinos Establishment of a group that yearned for reforms, the Katipunan