Graphene oxide Graphite when treated with strong oxidizers gives rise to the Graphite oxide, which is a compound of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen in variable ratios.
Manufacture of Graphene Oxide Graphene Oxide is formed by oxidizing crystalline graphite with a mixture of sodium nitrate (NaNO 3 , sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ),and potassium permanganate (KMnO 4 ).The oxidation method is also known as the Hummers method. Structurally, the Graphene Oxide is similar to a graphene sheet with its base having oxygen-containing groups. Since these groups have an high affinity to water molecules, Graphene Oxide is hydrophilic and can be easily dissolved in water.
Cont
Graphene Oxide is a poor conductor but when it undergoes treatment using heat, light, or chemical reduction, most of graphene's properties are restored. Chemical reduction is normally done using hydrazine.
It is possible to deposit Graphene Oxide films on any substrate, and then convert it into a conductor. These coatings may be used in solar cells, flexible electronics, chemical sensors, liquid crystal devices
Graphene, which is a conductor, graphene oxide is a semiconductors and can replace silicon in electronics applications.
cont..
Applications of Graphene Oxide Graphene oxide finds application in the following fields: Transparent conductive films Paper-like and composite materials Energy-related materials Biological and medical applications.
Graphene
Graphene, is one of the allotropic forms of carbon.
It is a one-atom-thick planar sheet of carbon atoms that are densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice.
Graphite itself consists of many graphene sheets stacked together.
The carbon-carbon bond length in graphene is approximately 0.142 nm.
Graphene production Researchers obtained relatively large graphene sheets by mechanical exfoliation (repeated peeling) of 3D graphite crystals.
Another method is to heat silicon carbide to high temperatures (1100C) to reduce it to graphene.
Graphene has excellent properties like: Its entire volume is exposed to its surrounding. High electrical conductivity.
BIOSENSOR AND CANCER
Cancer is an abnormal and an uncontrolled cell growth due to an accumulation of specific genetic and epigenetic defects.
Biosensor technology has the potential to provide: fast and accurate detection. reliable imaging of cancer cells. monitoring of angiogenesis and cancer metastasis. ability to determine the effectiveness of anticancer chemotherapy agents.
Preexisting technology
Existing cancer screening methods include: (1) the CA 15.3 test and mammography to detect breast cancer in women. (2) prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level detection in blood sample for men to detect prostate cancer. (3) blood detection for colon cancer. (4) endoscopy, CT scans, X-ray, ultrasound imaging and MRI for various cancer detection. Cont These traditional diagnostic methods however are not very powerful methods :- as they can not detect cancer at very early stages. some of the screening methods are quite costly and not available for many people. so use of biosensors to detect cancer biomarkers in serum has spread widely.
Biomarkers
In terms of cancer, the analyte being detected by the biosensor is a tumor biomarker. A biomarker is an indicator of a biological state of disease. Biomarkers can be DNA, RNA, or protein (i.e., hormone, antibody, oncogene, or tumor suppressor). Functionalization of graphene modified membrane CHARACTERIZATION OF IMMOILIZED GRAPHENE Electron microscopy (TEM and SEM) and atomic force microscopy have been used to characterize the graphene.
FABRICATION OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR (A) Fitting of immobilized membrane into glass cells. (B) Development of appropriate electronic circuit. (C)Recording of amperometric signals with proper Ab- Ag actions.
STANDARDIZATION OF PROTOCOL OF NANOIMMUNOSENSOR (A)Recording of amperometric data.
(B)Digitalization of signals and recording.
CONCLUSION
conclusion In present work a graphene modified PCTE (polycarbonate Track Etch)membrane is used in nanoimmunosensors which can be employed to detect specific cell membrane-associated target antigens.
The morphology of graphene modified nanoporous membrane was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy and chemical analysis was completed by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) prior to use in nanobiosensor.
This antibody immobilized membrane structure was then tested with a no. of few antigens and cross checked by structurally related antigens for specificity.