EXERGY

Basic Definitions
Exergy: is property used to determine the useful work
potential of a given amount of energy at some specified state.

It does not represent the amount of work that a work-producing
device will actually deliver upon installation. Rather, it
represents the upper limit on the amount of work a device can
deliver without violating any thermodynamic laws.
A system delivers the maximum possible work as it undergoes a
reversible process from the specified initial state to the state of
its environment (dead state)

Dead State: a system is said to be in dead state when it is in
thermodynamic equilibrium with its environment. Also it has no
potential or kinetic energy. And it is chemically inert (no reaction
with the environment)
Exergy of potential energy: (work potential) of a
system is equal to the potential energy itself
regardless of the temperature and pressure of the
environment.

Exergy of kinetic energy: (work potential) of a
system is equal to the kinetic energy itself
regardless of the temperature and pressure of the
environment. (not necessarily true)

REVERSIBLE WORK AND IRREVERSIBILITY:
At difference to exergy, actual processes do not
occur from an initial point to a final point equal to
the dead state. On the other hand isentropic
efficiencies are limited to adibatic processes.
Surrounding Work: is the work done by or against the
surroundings during a process. It has significance only for a
process where boundary work occurs (closed system).
Wsurr = P0(V2 V1)
Then the useful work would be:
Wu = W Wsurr = W P0(V2 V1)
How is Wsurr for a rigid tank?
Reversible Work: maximum amount of useful work
that can be produced (or the minimum work that
needs to be supplied) as a system undergoes a
process between the specified initial and final
states.

Whats is the difference between exergy and
reversible work?

Any difference between reversible and useful work is
due to irreversibilities.
I = Wrev,out Wu,out I = Wu,in Wrev,in

SECOND LAW EFFICIENCY
rev
th
II
q
q
q =
60 . 0
50 . 0
30 . 0
,
= =
A II
q
In cases like this the first-law efficiency alone is not a realistic measure
of performance of engineering devices.
The second-law efficiency is defined as the ratio of the thermal efficiency
to the maximum possible thermal efficiency under the same conditions


Then, in the example:
43 . 0
70 . 0
30 . 0
,
= =
B II
q
% 50
600
300
1 1
,
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
K
K
T
T
A
H
L
A rev
q
% 70
1000
300
1 1
,
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
K
K
T
T
B
H
L
B rev
q
In other words:
v
u
II
W
W
Re
= q
Work producing devices
u
v
II
W
W
Re
= q
v
II
COP
COP
Re
= q
Work consuming devices
Refrigerators and Heat Pumps
In general
Supplied Exergy
Destroyed Exergy
Supplied Exergy
ered Exergy
II
= = 1
cov Re
q
( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0 0 0
S S T V V P U U W
useful
+ =
Closed System
Total useful work delivered in a reversible process to the dead state:
The total exergy for a closed process would be given by:
( ) ( ) ( ) mgz
V
m S S T V V P U U X + + + =
2
2
0 0 0 0 0
The total exergy per unit mass:
( ) ( ) ( ) gz
V
s s T v v P u u + + + =
2
2
0 0 0 0 0
|
(kJ)
(kJ/kg)
EXERGY CHANGE FOR A CLOSED SYSTEM
( ) ( ) ( ) ) (
2
) (
1 2
2
1
2
2
1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 1 2
z z mg
V V
m S S T V V P U U m X +

+ + = = A | |
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 1 2
) ( S S T V V P E E m X + = = A | |
( ) ( ) ( ) ) (
2
) (
1 2
2
1
2
2
1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 1 2
z z g
V V
s s T v v P u u +

+ + = = A | | |
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 1 2
) ( s s T v v P e e + = = A | | |
Per unit mass:
Exergy of a flow stream
flow flowing no flowing
x x x + = =
_

v P P v P Pv x
flow
) (
0 0
= =
( ) ( ) ( ) v P P gz
V
s s T v v P u u ) (
2
0
2
0 0 0 0 0
+ + + + =
( ) ( ) gz
V
s s T h h + + =
2
2
0 0 0

Exergy change of a flow stream

( ) ( ) ) (
2
)
1 2
2
1
2
2
1 2 0 1 2 1 2
z z g
V V
s s T h h +

+ = = A
Isolated
system
System
(closed or
open)
Q
W
Decrease or Exergy Principle
(Exergy Destruction)
0
0
s A = X S T
gen
Exergy destruction
gen destroyed
S T X
0
=
Exergy decreases
Exergy Balance
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.
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\
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=
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.
|

\
|

|
|
|
.
|

\
|

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.
|

\
|
system the of
exergy total
the in Change
destroyed
exergy
Total
leaving
exergy
Total
entering
exergy
Total
Exergy transfer by heat, work and mass
By Heat: Q
T
T
X
heat
|
.
|

\
|
=
0
1
By Work:
By mass:

=
W
W W
X
sur
work
No boundary work
If boundary work
m X
mass
=
X X X X
destroyed work heat
A =
Closed system (no mass flowing)
| | X S T V V P W Q
T
T
gen k
k
A =
|
|
.
|

\
|

0 1 2 0
0
) ( 1
dt
dX
S T
dt
dV
P W Q
T
T
gen
k
k
=
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

- - -
0 0
0
1
( ) ( ) ( ) mgz
V
m S S T V V P U U X + + + =
2
2
0 0 0 0 0
Sol.
( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0 0 0
s s m T v v m P u u m X + =
From table A6 & A4, for water:
u=2594.7 kJ/kg u0 = 104.83 kJ/kh
@ 180C v=0.2472 m3/kg @ 25C v0 = 0.001003 m3/kg
800 kPa s=6.7155 kJ/kg.K 100 kPa s0 = 0.3672 kJ/kg.K
From table A13 (R-134a superheated vapor):

u=386.99 kJ/kg u0 = 252.615 kJ/kh
@ 180C v=0.044554 m3/kg @ 25C v0 = 0.23803 m3/kg
800 kPa s=1.3327 kJ/kg.K 100 kPa s0 = 1.10605 kJ/kg.K
( ) ( )
( )
K kg
kJ
kg K
kg
m
kg kPa
kg
kJ
kg X
w
.
3672 . 0 1392 . 2 1 . 298
001003 . 0 001127 . 0 1 . 100 83 . 104 92 . 761 1
3

+ =
kJ X
w
7 . 622 =
( ) ( )
( )
K kg
kJ
kg K
kg
m
kg kPa
kg
kJ
kg X
R
.
10605 . 1 3327 . 1 1 . 298
23803 . 0 044554 . 0 1 . 100 615 . 252 99 . 386 1
3

+ =
kJ X
R
5 . 47 =
X X X X
destroyed out in
A =
0 =
destroyed
X
Sol.
For a reversible process, therefore Wrev=X2-X1
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 1 2
s s T v v P u u + = | |
( ) | |
1 2 1 2
T T Cv u u =
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
1
2
1
2
1 2
ln ln
v
v
R
T
T
Cv s s
but
and
Cv = 0.164 Btu/lbm.R R = 0.0621 Btu/lbm.R
| |
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
(

+
|
.
|

\
|
=
3
3
1 2
. 4039 . 5
12 5 . 1 7 . 14
12
5 . 1
ln
.
0621 . 0
535
985
ln
.
164 . 0 535
535 985
.
164 . 0
ft psi
Btu
lbm
ft
psia
R lbm
Btu
R lbm
Btu
R
R
R lbm
Btu
| |
lbm
Btu
77 . 60
1 2
= | |
Solution:
100
P
(kPa)
v (m3/kg)
1
180 2
1
First the process is at
constant volume until the
pressure is enough to move
the piston (1-1), then the
process is at constant
pressure (1-2)
States 1 and 2 are in the region of superheated vapor, the summarized
data from table is:

P1=140kPa v1=0.1652 m3/kg P2=180kPa v2=0.17563 m3/kg
u1=246.01 kJ/kg u2=331.96 kJ/kg
T1=20C s1=1.0532 kJ/kgK T2=120C s2=1.3118 kJ/kgK

Also at (1) v1 = v1 and P1=P2

a) The work done is the boundary work, from (1) to (1) is zero since it
is a constant volume process; from (1) to (2) is a constant pressure
process. Then the boundary work is given by:
Wb = P2.m.(v2-v1) = (180)(1.4)(0.17563 0.1652) = 2.63 kJ
b) Doing a energy balance we obtain:
Q-W = m(u1 u1) + m(u2 u1) = m(u2 u1)
Then Q = m(u2 u1) + W = (1.4)(331.96 246.01) + 2.63 kJ
Q = 122.96 kJ
Since there is no kinetic nor potential energy involved the exergy
change can be expressed by:



The useful work at the exit is given by the boundary work minus the
work against the environment:
Wu = Wb m.P0(v2-v1) = 2.63kJ (1.4)(100)(0.175630.1652)
Wu = 1.17 kJ
From the total exergy change the only amount of useful work is 1.17kJ
everything else is the exergy destroyed, therefore:


d) The second law efficiency is given by:
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2
s s mT v v mP u u m X + = A
( ) ( ) ( ) ) 0532 . 1 3118 . 1 ) 298 )( 4 . 1 ( 1652 . 0 17563 . 0 ) 100 )( 4 . 1 ( 01 . 246 96 . 331 4 . 1 + = AX
kJ X 90 . 13 = A
kJ kJ kJ W X X
u destroyed
73 . 12 17 . 1 90 . 13 = = A =
084 . 0
9 . 13
17 . 1
= =
A
=
X
W
u
II
q
X X X X X
destroyed mass work heat
A = +
Exergy Balance Open System
Notice that now we are including the exergy entering and
leaving with mass, then:
(kJ)
In rate form:
Fortunately we usually have to deal with steady flow devices,
then our equation becomes:
(kW)
( ) | |
1 2 1 2 0
0
1 X X X m m V V P W Q
T
T
destroyed
out in
k
k
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|

dt
dX
X m m
dt
dV
P W Q
T
T
destroyed
out in
k
k
= +
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

- - - - -


0
0
1
0 1
0
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|

- - - - -

destroyed
out in
k
k
X m m W Q
T
T

( ) 0 1
1 2
0
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|

- - - -

destroyed
k
k
X m W Q
T
T

0 1
0
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|

- - - -
out in
rev k
k
m m W Q
T
T

0 =
destroyed rev
X W
( ) 0 1
1 2
0
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|

destroyed k
k
x w q
T
T
(kJ/kg)
Per unit mass:
(kW)
Previous equations can be used to determine the reversible work
by making the exergy destruction term equal to zero since (i.e.
no irreversibilities implies no exergy destruction)
for a single stream this last equation becomes:
Then:
or: 0 1
0
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

- - - -
k
k
in out
rev
Q
T
T
m m W
Single stream (one inlet - one outlet):
( ) 0 1
0
1 2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

- - -
k
k
rev
Q
T
T
m W
Example:
Solution:
We need to determine the exergy destroyed during this process. In
this case the easiest way is by:


This equation leads us to find the entropy generated which is given
by doing an entropy balance:



From table at 200 psia:
State (1) sat. liquid: h1=355.46 Btu/lbm s1=0.54379Btu/lbm.R
State (2) sat. vapor: h2=1198.8 Btu/lbm s2=1.5460 Btu/lbm.R
At environment conditions (P0=14.7 psia, To=80F comp. liq.):
h0=48.07 Btu/lbm s0=0.09328 Btu/lbm.R
gen destroyed
s T x
0
=
T
q
s s s s s
T
q
gen gen
= A = + ) (
1 2
We need to determine q in the previous equation, we obtain this by
doing an energy balance:

q w = (h2 h1) since there is no work we have:
q = 1198.8 355.46 = 843.34 Btu/lbm

Now we can determine the entropy generated:




960R is the absolute gas temperature (500F)

And the exergy destroyed will be:



The exergy 9or work potential) of the steam is given by:



Therefore the temperature of the gases does not affect the exergy of the
steam. However it does affect sgen and therefore xdestroyed too.
R lbm
Btu
R
R lbm Btu
s
gen
.
124 . 0
960
. / 34 . 843
) 54379 . 0 5460 . 1 ( = =
lbm
Btu
R lbm
Btu
R s T x
gen destroyed
96 . 66
.
124 . 0 ) 540 (
0
=
|
.
|

\
|
= =
( ) ( )
1 2 0 1 2
s s T h h =
a) We find the actual work by doing an ener4gy balance:


Kinetic and potential energy changes are assumed to be zero.
Consider specific heats for the enthalpy change. Solving for work we
have:

Cp=1.134 kJ/kg.K (from table)
Q = -30kW (lost)
( ) PE KE h h m W Q
a
A + A + =
- - -
1 2
( )
1 2
T T Cp m Q W
a
=
- - -
Substitue in the previous equation to obtain:



We have an expression for the reversible work from the exergy
balance for a single stream:



The ideal situation for a turbine occurs when there are no heat losses,
therefore:



The entropy change is obtained from:




Then the rev. work is:

( ) kW K
kgK
kJ
s
kg
kW W
a
67 . 432 1023 903 134 . 1 4 . 3 30 = =
( ) 0 1
0
1 2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

- - -
k
k
rev
Q
T
T
m W
( ) ( ) ] [
1 2 0 1 2 1 2
s s T h h m m W
rev
= =
- - -

( )
K kg
kJ
K kg
kJ
K kg
kJ
P
P
R
T
T
Cp s s
.
11 . 0
1200
500
ln
.
287 . 0
1023
903
ln
.
134 . 1 ln
1
2
ln
1
2
1 2
= = =
kJ
K kg
kJ
K K
K kg
kJ
s
kg
Wrev 574 ]
.
11 . 0 [ 298 ] 1023 903 [
.
134 . 1 4 . 3 =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
-
The exergy destroyed will be given by:


Finally, the second law efficiency would be:


kJ W W X
a rev destroyed 45 . 141 67 . 432 12 . 574 = = =
- - -
754 . 0
12 . 574
67 . 432
= = =
-
-
rev
a
II
W
W
q