THE BODY

Constantly reacting and

adjusting


HOMEOSTASIS
ENVIRONTMENTAL
CHANGES

Internal
External
STIMULI
BRAIN
SPINAL
CORD
NERVES
Sensed & conveyed
the messages
(inputs)
INTEGRATION
analyzed
combined
compared
coordinated
MUSCLES
(skeletal/smooth/cardiac)
GLANDS (endocrine/exocrine)
NERVES
HOMEO-
STASIS
(afferent)
(efferent)
HOMEOSTASIS (Lat. homois: same; stasis: standing still)
A state of inner balance and stability in the body, which remains
relatively constant despite external environmental changes
CNS
(brain &
spin. cord)
PNS
(periph. NS)
SOMATIC
NS
AFF.
(SENSORY)
DIVISON
VISCERAL
NS
EFF.
(MOTOR) DIV.
(AUTONOMIC NS)
SYMPATHETIC
NS
PARASYMP.
NS
(Comple-
ment each
other)
(aff. div.)
(eff. div.)
aff. eff.
aff. div.*
eff. div.**
Responds to stress and
emergency situations)
Conserves & restore
body resources
stimulates voluntary
muscles
processes
sensory input
* Processes
sensory input from
visceral organ
** triggers
response in
involunt. musc.
& glands
Complicated structures and interrelationships
Convergence and divergence
(the flow of info.)
NEURONS (NERVE CELLS):
STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL UNITS
OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
NEURONS (NERVE CELLS):
ARE SPECIALIZED TO TRANSMIT IMPULSES:
- FROM SHORT TO RELATIVELY LONG DISTANCES
- FROM ONE PART OF THE BODY OR CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM TO ANOTHER

HAVE TWO IMPORTANT PROPERTIES:
1. EXCITABILITY (the ability to respond to stimuli)
2. CONDUCTIVITY (the ability to conduct a signal)

CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONAL
COMPONENTS OF NERVES
The functional components of the neurons and their fibers
of peripheral nervous system may be clasified as follows:
1. GENERAL SOMATIC AFFERENT (GSA) FIBERS:
carry sensory information from somatic tissues
(skin, voluntary/skeletal muscles, joints, connective tissues)
to the CNS

2. GENERAL VISCERAL AFFERENT (GVA) FIBERS:
carry information from the visceral organs to the CNS

CNS
GENERAL /SOMATIC
RECEPTORS
CNS
VISCERORECEPTORS
(aff.)
(aff.)
3. GENERAL SOMATIC EFFERENT (GSE) FIBERS:
carry nerve impulses from CNS to the most of the
voluntary/skeletal muscles of the body
(- the muscles contract
- the muscles derived from masses of cells called
myotomes)

4. GENERAL VISCERAL EFFERENT (GVE) FIBERS:
carry impulses from the CNS that modify the activities
of the heart, smooth muscles (included vasa), and glands
(the fibers of autonomic nervous system)
CNS EFFECTORS:
SKELETAL MUSCLES
(eff.)
CNS
EFFECTORS:
SMOOTH/VASA & CARDIAC
MUSLES.,GLANDS
(eff.)
5. SPECIAL VISCERAL EFFERENT (SVA) FIBERS:
carry impulses from the brain to the voluntary
muscles derived from embryonic branchiogenic
(gill) arches
(this visceral musculature is found in the jaw,
muscles of facial expression, pharynx, and larynx


6. SPECIAL SOMATIC AFFERENT (SSA) FIBERS:
carry neural information from the receptors of the
olfactory (smell), optic (sight), auditory (hearing),
vestibular (balance), and gustatory (taste)
systems to the CNS
CNS EFFECTORS:
BRANCHIAL/VISCERAL MUSC.
(eff.)
CNS
RECEPTORS:
SPECIAL SENSORY
ORGANS
(aff.)
SENSORY/AFFRENT SYSTEM
(CNS RECEPTOR)
* COLLECTING
* PROCESSING
EXTERNAL
(somatosensory)
RECEPTORS
INTERNAL
(viscerosensory)
RECEPTORS
(Info)
Tension, blood pressure,
pressure, chemical
composition of the blood
(hormones, glucose, CO2,
ions/electrolytes)
(events/stimuli)
CONTACT
(pain, temp., touch, pressure)
DISTANT
(sound, light, odours)
(INFO.)
(CNS) RECEPTOR
MOTOR/EFFERENT SYSTEM
( CNS EFFECTOR)
VISCEROMOTORIC VISCERA, VASA
Smooth muscles
Myocardium
ExocrineEnzymes
Glandular cells
EndocrineHormones
MOTOR/
AFFERENT
SYSTEM
SOMATOMOTORIC SKELETAL MUSCLES

(INFO.)
EFFECTORS
Three functional classes of neurons: 1. Afferent neuron,
2. Interneuron (in the CNS), and 3. Efferent neuron
DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYST.
(neurons: 10
11

neuroglia: 10
12
)
CNS
PNS
BRAIN
(encephalon)
SPINAL CORD
(medulla spinalis)
CRANIAL NERVES:12 pairs
(from the brain)
SPINAL NERVES: 31 pairs
(from the spinal cord)
VISCERAL
(unconscious)
SOMATIC
(conscious)
AFFERENT
EFFERENT
(AUTONOMIC)
SYMPATHETIC
PARASYMPATHETIC
Somatic tissues
(skeletal muscles,skin, bones)
smooth & cardiac
muscles, glands
Smooth & cardiac muscles, glands
(structural)
(functional)
Within the
cranial cavity
Within the
vertebral canal
SPINAL NERVES (31)
Cervical (8: C1-C8)
Thoracal (12: T1-T12)
Lumbar (5: L1-L5)
Sacral (5: S1-S5)
Coccygeal (1: co.)
Principal parts of the
brain (medial aspect)
PERIPHERAL NS:
CRANIAL NERVES
(N I N XII)
AUTONOMIC NS*
SYMPATHETIC NS
Center:
thoracolumbar
PARASYMPATHETIC NS
Center: cranisacral
*ANS: unconscious
component of the NS
(regulates the internal
organs/viscera)
NEURON
(NERVE CELL)
STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF NS*

SOMA (cell body)
(collective: gray matter/sustantia grisea)
COMPONENT
DENDRITES
PROCESSES
AXON (collective: white matter/
substantia alba)

TERMINAL SYNAPSE
(contact with
other neuron/
effector cells)
Fig. 1-2
*NEURON:
Specialized to receive info.
Transmits electrical
impulses (action potentials)
Influences other effector
tissues (neuron, muscle (skeletal,
smooth, cardiac, glands)
Axon
Collateral
Axon
terminal
Cell body/soma
NEURON (EM SCANNING)
Nucleus
Axon hillock
Dendrite
CELLULAR
COMPONENTS
OF A NEURON
SYNAPSES (interneuronal contacts)
1. Axosomatic 2. Axodendritic 3. Axoaxonic 4. Dendrodendritic
Axon terminal
CONVERGENCE & DIVERGENCE
PRESYNAPTIC
INHIBITION
Types of neuron:
1. Unipolar
2. Bipolar
3.Pseudounipolar
4. Multipolar
HOW NEURONS COMMUNICATE
TO EACH OTHER ?
SYNAPSE
CONSISTS OF:
-Presynaptic
element (part of
axon terminal)
-Synaptic
cleft/space
-Postsynaptic
region (receptor at
the postsynaptic
membrane of the
innervated neuron
or effector
structure)
Electrochemical communication:
action pot. propagation (electrical) + chemical (NT) transmission
Neurotransmitter (NT)
SPINAL CORD
INSIDE THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN
(in the vertebral canal)

31 SEGMENTS

31 PAIRS OF SPINAL NERVES CERVICAL (C) : 8
THORACAL (T) : 12
LUMBAR (L) : 5
SACRAL (S) : 5
COCCYGEAL (Co) : 1
CONTAINS: - SENSORY FIBERS
- MOTOR NEURONS
- ASCENDING/DESCENDING FIBERS
(PATHWAYS/TRACTS TO AND FROM THE BRAIN)
REFLEX CENTER
CROSS-SECTION OF THE SPINAL CORD
Gray matter (substantia grisea)
White matter (substantia alba)
BRAIN
The largest organ of the body
Composed of soft tissue (jelly) Needs strict protection
In adult: 1,300 g
Mushroom-shaped
Medial aspect of
the brain
BRAIN
BRAIN STEM DIENCEPHALON CEREBRUM CEREBELLUM
MEDULLA
OBLONGATA
PONS
MESENCEPHALON
THALAMUS
HYPOTHALAMUS
CEREBRAL
CORTEX
BASAL
GANGLIA
Surface anatomy of the brain (A. lateral & B. medial)
A
B
PROTECTION & COVERINGS
OF CNS (protection against injury)
PROTECTION
1. BONES: - CRANIAL BONES (CRANIUM) (for the brain)
- VERTEBRAL COLUMN (for the spinal cord)
2. MENINGES: - CRANIAL MENINGES (surround the brain)
- SPINAL MENINGES (surround the spinal cord)
3. CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)
- Circulates through the subarachnoid space
- Formed by filtration and secretion from CHOROID PLEXUSES
(network of capillaries); located in the ventricles of the brain
BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER (BBB): - permits certain substances to
enter the CSF but prohibits the others Protects the brain and
spinal cord from harmful substances
- formed by various components : astrocyte end feet, capillary
basal membr. & capillary endothelial cells (nonfenestrata)
MENINGES &
CEREBROSPINAL
FLUID (CSF)/LIQUOR
CEREBROSPINALIS (LCS)
CEREBAL VENTRICLES
1. Lateral ventricles (right/left, in
the cerebral hemispheres)
2. Third ventricle (between
right& left diencephalon)
3. Aqueductus cerebri (Sylvius)
4. Fourth ventricle (ventral to
cerebellum, dorsal to pons
and med. Obl.)
CSF CIRCULATION
Choroid plex. (in the V Lat. + V III)
V III Cerebral aqueduct
V IV ( For. Magendie , For.
Lushka) Subarachnoid space
(around the brain + spinal cord)
Arachnoid granulations
vv. emmissariae V.
jugularis int. Cor
BASAL NUCLEI/GANGLIA
1.LENTICULAR
NUCLEUS
2.CAUDATE
NUCLEUS
3.AMYGDALA
(function:
limbic
system)
a. PUTAMEN
b. GLOBUS
PALLIDUS
1
2
3
Thalamus
LIMBIC SYSTEM: emotion, instinct, learning-memory