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Statika Struktur

Amir Arifin
Jurusan Teknik Mesin
Apa itu Mekanika dan dimana posisi statika ?
Mekanika
Cabang ilmu fisika yang berbicara tentang
keadaan diam atau geraknya benda-benda
yang mengalami kerja atau aksi gaya
Mechanics
Rigid Bodies
(Things that do not change shape)
Deformable Bodies
(Things that do change shape)
Fluids
Statics Dynamics
Posisi
Statika ??

Referensi yang dipakai
Beer, Ferdinand P., Johnston Jr E. Russell, Elliot RE.,
Vector Mechanics for Engineers, Statics, seventh
edition, McGraw Hill, New York.
Meriam J.L., Kraige L.G, Engineering Mechanics,
Statics, fifth edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Recomended
What may
happen if
static's is not
applied
properly?

Sistem Satuan
Four fundamental physical quantities. Length, Time, Mass, Force.
We will work with two unit systems in statics: SI & US Customary.
RULES FOR USING SI SYMBOLS
No Plurals (e.g., m = 5 kg not kgs )
Separate Units with a (e.g., meter second = m s )
Most symbols are in lowercase ( some exception are N,
Pa, M and G)
Exponential powers apply to units , e.g., cm
2
= cm cm
Other rules are given in your textbook
NUMERICAL CALCULATIONS
Must have dimensional homogeneity. Dimensions
have to be the same on both sides of the equal
sign, (e.g. distance = speed time.)
Be consistent when rounding off.
- greater than 5, round up (3528 3530)
- smaller than 5, round down (0.03521 0.0352)
Membuat Statika jadi mudah
diselesaikan ?
Prosedur mengerjakan soal:
Baca soal dengan cermat
Buat free body diagram dan tabulasikan data soal
Tuliskan prinsip dasar / persamaan yang relevan
dengan soal
Selesaikan persamaan sepraktis mungkin sehingga
didapat hasil yang signifikan dan jangan lupa disertai
sistem satuan
Pelajari jawaban dengan akal sehat, masuk akal atau
tidak
Jika ada waktu, coba pikirkan cara lain untuk
menyelesaikan soal tersebut.
THE WHAT, WHY AND HOW OF A FREE BODY DIAGRAM (FBD)
(Diagram Benda Bebas)
Free Body Diagrams are one of the
most important things for you to
know how to draw and use.
What ? - It is a drawing that
shows all external forces
acting on the particle.
Why ? - It helps you write
the equations of equilibrium
used to solve for the
unknowns (usually forces or
angles).
How ?
1. Imagine the particle to be isolated or cut free from its
surroundings.
2. Show all the forces that act on the particle.
Active forces: They want to move the particle.
Reactive forces: They tend to resist the motion.
3. Identify each force and show all known magnitudes and directions.
Show all unknown magnitudes and / or directions as variables .
Note : Engine mass =
250 Kg
FBD at A
Fundamental Concepts
Ruang Daerah geometri yang ditempati oleh benda yang posisinya
digambarkan oleh pengukuran linear dan anguler relatif terhadap sistem
koordinat.
Waktu- Ukuran peristiwa yang berurutan dan merupakan besaran
dasar dalam dinamika.
Massa- Ukuran kelembaman benda yang merupakan penghambat
terhadap perubahan kecepatan.
Gaya- Aksi suatu benda terhadap benda lain. Suatu gaya cenderung
menggerakkan sebuah benda menurut arah kerjanya, gaya merupakan
besaran Vektor
.
Fundamental Concepts (cont)
Partikel:
Mempunyai suatu
massa namun
ukurannya dapat
diabaikan, sehingga
geometri benda
tidak akan terlibat
dalam analisis
masalah

Benda Tegar:
Kombinasi
sejumlah partikel
yang mana semua
partikel berada
pada suatu jarak
tetap terhadap
satu dengan yang
lain
Fundamental Concepts (cont)
Fundamental Principles
HK Newton 1 Setiap partikel akan tetap diam atau
terus bergerak dlm sebuah garis lurus dgn kec tetap jika tak
ada gaya tak seimbang yang bekerja padanya
HK Newton 2 Percepatan sebuah partikel
adalah sebanding dengan gaya resultan yang bekeja
padanya dan searah dengan gaya tersebut.
HK Newton 3 Gaya aksi dan reaksi
antara benda-benda yang berinteraksi
memiliki besar yang sama, berlawanan arah
dan segaris
Resultan 2 Gaya (Force)
Gaya: Aksi dari satu benda ke
benda lain; ditandai dengan; titik
yang dikenakan, besar gaya, arah
dari gaya, and sense.
Percobaan membuktikan bahwa efek
kombinasi 2 gaya dapat
direpresentasikan dalam sebuah
resultan gaya.
Resultan sama dengan diagonal dari
jajaran genjang yang terdiri dari 2
buah lengan gaya.
Force is a vector quantity.
Vectors
Vector: parameters besaran dan arah, vektor
dapat di jumlahkan menurut aturan jajaran
genjang (parallelogram law). Contoh:
Perpindahan, kecepatan, percepatan.
Scalar: parameters besaran tapi tidak mempunyai
arah. Contoh : mass, volume, temperatur
Vektor identik (Equal vectors) mempunyai besar
dan arah yang sama.
Vektor negatif mempunyai besar dan arah yang
berlawanan
Penambahan Vectors
Trapezoid rule for vector addition
Triangle rule for vector addition
B
B
C
C
Q P R
2PQcosB Q P R
2 2 2

+ =
+ =
Law of cosines,
Law of sines,
A
sinC
R
sinB
Q
sinA
= =
Vector addition is commutative,
P Q Q P

+ = +
Vector subtraction
Penambahan Vectors
Addition of three or more vectors
through repeated application of the
triangle rule
The polygon rule for the addition of
three or more vectors.
Vector addition is associative,
( ) ( ) S Q P S Q P S Q P

+ + = + + = + +
Multiplication of a vector by a scalar
Resultant of Several Concurrent Forces
Concurrent forces: set of forces which all
pass through the same point.

A set of concurrent forces applied to a
particle may be replaced by a single
resultant force which is the vector sum of the
applied forces.
Vector force components: two or more force
vectors which, together, have the same effect
as a single force vector.
Sample Problem.1
Dua buah gaya bekerja pada
sebuah baut
A. Determine their resultant.
SOLUTION:
Graphical solution - construct a
parallelogram with sides in the same
direction as P and Q and lengths in
proportion. Graphically evaluate the
resultant which is equivalent in direction
and proportional in magnitude to the the
diagonal.
Trigonometric solution - use the triangle
rule for vector addition in conjunction
with the law of cosines and law of sines
to find the resultant.

Sample Problem.1 (cont)
Graphical solution - A parallelogram with sides
equal to P and Q is drawn to scale. The
magnitude and direction of the resultant or of
the diagonal to the parallelogram are measured,
= = 35 N 98 o R
Graphical solution - A triangle is drawn with P
and Q head-to-tail and to scale. The magnitude
and direction of the resultant or of the third side
of the triangle are measured,
= = 35 N 98 o R
Sample Problem.1 (cont)
Trigonometric solution - Apply the triangle rule.
From the Law of Cosines,
( ) ( ) ( )( ) + =
+ =
155 cos N 60 N 40 2 N 60 N 40
cos 2
2 2
2 2 2
B PQ Q P R
A
A
R
Q
B A
R
B
Q
A
+ =
=
=
=
=
20
04 . 15
N 73 . 97
N 60
155 sin
sin sin
sin sin
o
N 73 . 97 = R
From the Law of Sines,
= 04 . 35 o
Sample Problem.2
Sample Problem.2 (cont)
Tentukan besar resultan gaya dari
F
r
= F1 + F2 dan arahnya yang diukur
berlawanan jarum jam dari sumbu x
Sample Problem. 4
Sebuah plat dikenakan dua gaya A dan B seperti
pada gambar. Tentukan besar dan arah resultan
gaya tersebut, gaya diukur dari sumbu
horizontal!
Sebuah balok digantung dengan dua buah
rantai. Resultan kedua rantai 600 N. hitung
gaya yang bekerja pada kedua rantai!
Hk Jajaran genjang
Sample Problem.3
a) the tension in each of the ropes
for o = 45
o
,
b) the value of o for which the
tension in rope 2 is a minimum.
A barge is pulled by two tugboats.
If the resultant of the forces
exerted by the tugboats is 5000 lbf
directed along the axis of the
barge, determine
SOLUTION:
Find a graphical solution by applying the
Parallelogram Rule for vector addition. The
parallelogram has sides in the directions of
the two ropes and a diagonal in the direction
of the barge axis and length proportional to
5000 lbf.
The angle for minimum tension in rope 2 is
determined by applying the Triangle Rule
and observing the effect of variations in o.
Find a trigonometric solution by applying
the Triangle Rule for vector addition. With
the magnitude and direction of the resultant
known and the directions of the other two
sides parallel to the ropes given, apply the
Law of Sines to find the rope tensions.
Sample Problem.3 (cont)
Graphical solution - Parallelogram Rule
with known resultant direction and
magnitude, known directions for sides.
lbf 2600 lbf 3700
2 1
= = T T
Trigonometric solution - Triangle Rule
with Law of Sines

=
105 sin
lbf 5000
30 sin 45 sin
2 1
T T
lbf 2590 lbf 3660
2 1
= = T T
Sample Problem.3 (cont)
The angle for minimum tension in rope 2 is
determined by applying the Triangle Rule
and observing the effect of variations in o.
The minimum tension in rope 2 occurs when
T
1
and T
2
are perpendicular.
( ) = 30 sin lbf 5000
2
T lbf 2500
2
= T
( ) = 30 cos lbf 5000
1
T lbf 4330
1
= T
= 30 90 o = 60 o
Tentukan gaya yang bekerja pada
frame AB dan BC!. F = 500 N
Hukum Sinus
Hk Jajaran genjang
Jumlahkan Vektornya
Uraikan gaya F menjadi komponen gaya
sepanjang garis aa dan bb !, F = 20 lb
Hk Jajaran genjang dan Jumlahkan Vektornya
Hukum Sinus
F = 500 lb diuaraikan
menjadi dua
komponen gaya AB
dan AC. Pada frame
AC bekerja gaya 300
lb. tentukan gaya
pada AB dan sudut u
Hk Jajaran genjang penambahan vektor
Hukum Sinus
3 kabel menghasilkan resulatan 900 N. jika dua buah kabel
diketahui besarnya. Tentukan arah kabel ke 3 dimana F
merupakan gaya minimum dari ketiga kabel tersebut.
Hk Cosines
Hk Jajaran genjang penambahan vektor
Jumlahkan Vektornya
Komponen Rectangular dari sebuah
gaya: Unit Vectors
Vector components may be expressed as products of
the unit vectors with the scalar magnitudes of the
vector components.


F
x
and F
y
are referred to as the scalar components of
j F i F F
y x

+ =
F

Vektor gaya dapat dipecah menjadi vektor yang


tegak lurus yang menghasilkan parallelogram
rectangle. Disebut sebagai as rectangular
vector components

y x
F F F

+ =
y x
F F

and
Define perpendicular unit vectors which are
parallel to the x and y axes.
j i

and
Addition of Forces by Summing Components
S Q P R

+ + =
Wish to find the resultant of 3 or more
concurrent forces,
( ) ( )j S Q P i S Q P
j S i S j Q i Q j P i P j R i R
y y y x x x
y x y x y x y x


+ + + + + =
+ + + + + = +
Resolve each force into rectangular components

=
+ + =
x
x x x x
F
S Q P R
The scalar components of the resultant are equal
to the sum of the corresponding scalar
components of the given forces.

=
+ + =
y
y y y y
F
S Q P R
x
y
y x
R
R
R R R
1 2 2
tan

= + = u
To find the resultant magnitude and direction,
Sample Problem. 5 cont
Sample Problem. 5 cont
Sample Problem. 5 cont
Sample Problem 6
Empat gaya yang bekerja pada baut A.
Tentukan resultan gayanya
SOLUTION:
Resolve each force into rectangular
components.
Calculate the magnitude and direction
of the resultant.
Determine the components of the
resultant by adding the corresponding
force components.
Sample Problem.6 (cont).
SOLUTION:
Resolve each force into rectangular components.
9 . 25 6 . 96 100
0 . 110 0 110
2 . 75 4 . 27 80
0 . 75 9 . 129 150
4
3
2
1
+

+
+ +

F
F
F
F
comp y comp x mag force

2 2
3 . 14 1 . 199 + = R
N 6 . 199 = R
Calculate the magnitude and direction.
N 1 . 199
N 3 . 14
tan = o
= 1 . 4 o
Determine the components of the resultant by
adding the corresponding force components.
1 . 199 + =
x
R 3 . 14 + =
y
R
Tentukan besar dan arah resultannya,
diukur dari sumbu x
Equilibrium of a Particle
( Kesetimbangan Partikel )
When the resultant of all forces acting on a particle is zero, the
particle is in equilibrium.
Particle acted upon by
two forces:
- equal magnitude
- same line of action
- opposite sense
Particle acted upon by three or more forces:
- graphical solution yields a closed polygon
- algebraic solution
0 0
0
= =
= =


y x
F F
F R

Newtons First Law: If the resultant force on a particle is zero, the
particle will remain at rest or will continue at constant speed in a
straight line.
Free-Body Diagrams
(Diagram Benda Bebas)
mg
N
T
f
Mg
N1
f1
T1
Free-Body Diagrams
(Diagram Benda Bebas)
Free-Body Diagrams
(Diagram Benda Bebas)
Space Diagram: A sketch
showing the physical
conditions of the problem.
Free-Body Diagram: A sketch
showing only the forces on the
selected particle.
Sample Problem 4.
In a ship-unloading operation, a
3500-lb automobile is
supported by a cable. A rope
is tied to the cable and pulled
to center the automobile over
its intended position. What is
the tension in the rope?
SOLUTION:
Construct a free-body diagram for
the particle at the junction of the
rope and cable.
Apply the conditions for
equilibrium by creating a closed
polygon from the forces applied to
the particle.
Apply trigonometric relations to
determine the unknown force
magnitudes.
Sample Problem.4 (cont)
SOLUTION:
Construct a free-body diagram for
the particle at A.
Apply the conditions for
equilibrium.

=
58 sin
lb 3500
2 sin 120 sin
AC AB
T T
lb 3570 =
AB
T
lb 144 =
AC
T
Sample Problem.5
It is desired to determine the
drag force at a given speed on a
prototype sailboat hull. A model
is placed in a test channel and
three cables are used to align its
bow on the channel centerline.
For a given speed, the tension is
40 lb in cable AB and 60 lb in
cable AE.
Determine the drag force
exerted on the hull and the
tension in cable AC.
SOLUTION:
Choosing the hull as the free
body, draw a free-body diagram.
Express the condition for
equilibrium for the hull by writing
that the sum of all forces must
be zero.
Resolve the vector equilibrium
equation into two component
equations. Solve for the two
unknown cable tensions.
Sample Problem.5 (cont)
SOLUTION:
Choosing the hull as the free body,
draw a free-body diagram.
=
= =
25 . 60
75 . 1
ft 4
ft 7
tan
o
o
=
= =
56 . 20
375 . 0
ft 4
ft 1.5
tan
|
|
Express the condition for
equilibrium for the hull by writing
that the sum of all forces must
be zero.
0 = + + + =
D AE AC AB
F T T T R

Sample Problem.5 (cont)
Resolve the vector equilibrium equation
into two component equations. Solve for
the two unknown cable tensions.
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) j T
i F T
R
i F F
i T
j T i T
j T i T T
j i
j i T
AC
D AC
D D
AC AC
AC AC AC
AB







60 9363 . 0 84 . 19
3512 . 0 73 . 34
0
lb 0 6
9363 . 0 3512 . 0
56 . 20 cos 56 . 20 sin
lb 84 . 19 lb 73 . 34
26 . 60 cos lb 40 26 . 60 sin lb 40
+ +
+ + =
=
=
=
+ =
+ =
+ =
+ =
Sample Problem.5 (cont)
( )
( ) j 60 T 0.9363 19.84
i F T 0.3512 34.73
0 R
AC
D AC

+ +
+ + =
=
This equation is satisfied only if each
component of the resultant is equal to zero
( )
( ) 60 T 0.9363 19.84 0 0 F
F T 0.3512 34.73 0 0 F
AC y
D AC x
+ = =
+ + = =

lb 19.66 F
lb 42.9 T
D
AC
+ =
+ =
Tentukan besar dan arah sudut dari resultan gaya
yang ada pada gambar diukur dari sumbu x
berlawanan arah jarum jam
Tentukan besar dan arah sudut dari FB, resultan
gaya bekerja pada sumbu y dengan besar 1500 N

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